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What constitution did revolutionaries fight for? A few introductory remarks 18The making of a constitutional order and its conflicts: plan of the book 27 War, Army and Revolution 33 Conclusions 187 National Wars of Liberation and the End of the Revolutionary Experiences 190 Greece and the nationalisation of the anti-Ottoman conflict 205 Conclusions 215 Crossing the Mediterranean: Volunteers, Mercenaries, Refugees 218 Introduction: Palermo as a Mediterranean revolutionary hub 218 Sir Richard Church: bridging empire, counterrevolution and revolution 220 Emmanuele Scordili and the Greek diasporas 231 Andrea Mangiaruva: volunteer for freedom and economic migrant? 241 Conclusions 251 Experiencing the Constitution: Citizenship, Communities and Territories 255 Electing Parliamentary Assemblies 301 Petitioning in the Name of the Constitution 323 Conclusions: political participation and local autonomies after the 1820s 339

The introduction to this special issue reviews the historiography on the political thought of the Risorgimento from De Ruggiero's famous History of European Liberalism (1925) to the most recent publications. It draws attention to the endurance of the post-war Gramscian paradigm that continues to underline the backwardness and traditional features of Risorgimento liberalism and political culture despite the challenges posed to that interpretation by more recent research. The aim of the essays included in the issue is to place new emphasis on the connections, parallels and engagements that existed between the Italian and European political thought of the period, rather than on the exceptionalism of Risorgimento political thought, while suggesting that the tension between liberty and nationality constituted a distinctive features of Italian post-revolutionary political culture.

Historians of liberalism have tended to ignore or underplay the contribution of southern Europe. However, in the 1820s this part of the world was at the forefront of the struggle for liberal values. This essay explores the relationship between constitutional culture and religion during the liberal revolutionary wave that affected Portugal, Spain, the Italian peninsula and Greece, by examining parliamentary debates, the revolutionary press, literature targeting the masses, religious sermons and exile writings. It argues that rather than rejecting religion, liberals strove to find an accommodation between their values and revealed truth-they were convinced that no society could survive without religious morality. In this way, they developed a variety of religious attitudes that ranged from deism to forms of crypto-Protestantism without abandoning their established religions. At the same time, although they defended individual rights and freedom of expression against the opposition of the churches, and argued for reformed and enlightened forms of religiosity, most of them considered the religious uniformity of their societies advantageous and even opposed religious toleration.The 1820s were marked by the emergence of a "global revolutionary south": the Cadiz military pronunciamento by Rafael Riego inaugurated the trienio liberal in Spain, facilitated the explosion of similar revolutionary movements from Oporto and Lisbon in Portugal to Turin and Naples in the Italian peninsula, to Sicily, Greece and Russia. As a result the Ibero-American colonies broke free of the metropoles, while similar movements touched the distant cities of Goa and Calcutta in India, and likewise other places in Asia such as the Philippines. The revolutionary wave of the 1820s coincided with what