Objective: White mulberry (Morus alba) root extract has terpenoid, flavonoid, and stilbene compounds. The stilbenes, oxyresveratrol and resveratrol, have antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Nanocarriers can help active ingredients to be delivered in a more efficient manner. The advantages of nanoemulsion on products include increased penetration, biocompatibility, and low toxicity due to its non-ionic properties and have the ability to combine the properties of lipophilic and hydrophilic active ingredients. The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro skin penetration of M. alba root extract nanoemulsion. Methods: The M. alba root extract was prepared by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method. Nanoemulsion was optimized and prepared using virgin coconut oil (VCO), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) by aqueous phase-titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram. M. alba root extract nanoemulsion was characterized for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, and physical stability tests for 12 weeks. In vitro skin penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was determined by the Franz diffusion cell and was compared by macroemulsion preparation, then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results: Based on pseudoternary phase diagram, nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract contained of 2% VCO and 18% mixture of surfactant Tween 80 and PEG 400 (1:1) was chosen. Nanoemulsion has average globule size of 81.61 nm, with polydispersity index 0.22, and potential zeta −1.56 mV. The cumulative penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was 55.86 μg/cm2 with flux of 6.53 μg/cm2/h, while regular emulsion was 32.45 μg/cm2 with flux of 3.5501 μg/cm2/h. Conclusion: Nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract was penetrated deeper than regular emulsion.

In this study was aimed at identifying active substances that can be used as antibacterial agents. To reach this target, different solvent extracts (n-hexane and methanol) of microalgae strain Scenedesmus sp. AUMA-020 were examined. Phytochemical screening of n-hexane extract from microalgae strain Scenedesmus sp. AUMA-020 showed the presence of terpenoids and saponins, while methanol extracts contained flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, terpenoins and saponins. N-hexane extract has strong antibacterial activity compared to methanol extract. Both extracts isolates showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. In conclusion, the studied microalgae strain Scenedesmus sp. AUMA-020 can be considered as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Patient compliance is necessary to successfully treat non-communicable diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, asthma, cancer, etc.), mental disorders, HIV/AIDS infectious diseases, and tuberculosis. This study aims to describe the level of adherence of patients taking DM type II medication. This cross-sectional study involved 90 patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The level of patient adherence was measured using the MMAS-8 questionnaire sheet, translated into Indonesian as a research instrument. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis to describe the frequency distribution of patient characteristics and the level of adherence. Relationship between patient characteristics and the level of adherence was tested with the chi-square test using SPSS version 23. It was found that 77 respondents (85.6%) were included in the adherent category, and 13 respondents (14.4%) were non-adherent. The low compliance rate was 13 respondents (14.4%), the moderate compliance level was 50 respondents (55.6)%, and the high compliance level was 27 respondents (30%). The results of this study indicate that patient adherence to the use of DM type II drugs at Clinic X Padang City is high. Variables that affect patient adherence to taking medication for DM type II at Clinic X Padang City are age, gender, education, employment, and income because it gets significant Value. Meanwhile, the long duration of the drug does not affect adherence to taking medication because it gets an insignificant value

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted (IL-MAE) approach for extraction of oxyresveratrol from Morus alba roots and to compare the result with conventional extraction. The roots were extracted with nine IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BmimBr), or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF 4 ) at concentration 1.5, 1.67, and 2 M for each IL, in a microwave at Power 30% for 10 minutes respectively. The extracts were filtrated and diluted with 30 ml of deionized water. Then, fractionated with ethyl acetate and salting out by addition of Na 2 CO 3 or KH 2 PO 4 . The fractions were analyzed for oxyresveratrol contents with TLC-densitometer and HPLC. Then the result was compared with conventional methods. IL-MAE approach showed improvement extraction efficiency compared to the conventional ethanol and methanol macerations. The optimized solvent condition for extraction of oxyresveratrol from Morus alba root was 1.5 M BmimCl with 0.01 M KH 2 PO 4 salt. Oxyresveratrol was separated by ethyl acetate fractionation, and the yield calculated was 3.53% from raw material. The study showed that IL-MAE was an efficient method for the extraction of oxyresveratrol from Morus alba roots.