The aim of this study was to identify the impact of HR activities on competitive advantage in private schools. The study uses primary data collected with the help of a well-structured questionnaire that was developed and distributed among a sample of 92 respondents (49 female and 43 male), questionnaire results were statistically analyzed to test the hypotheses that were developed to identify the impact of HR activities on competitive advantages. Multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical tool and technique to identify five key elements: recruitment and reward system, training and skill development activities, organization climate, employee participation and empowerment; and effective communication system to determine competitive advantage in private schools in Jordan. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant effect of HR activities on the competitive advantage; On the other hand, there is no impact of other variables.

Food retailing industry has expanded commensurate to the growing requirements of a bulging world population. Initially, most retailers depended on external suppliers for most of their stock. The suppliers controlled the branding and pricing elements. This has since evolved with retailers having exponentially grown, endowing them with the ability to support their own brands.In addition to the inherent additional capability, changing business dynamics have meant that retailers have introduced additional aspects to their in-store brands. These brands which have been developed in-house have grown in scale and reach but still limited to branded stores. Food retailing has spawned lateral branded stores with respect to their food characteristics.The study has focused on evaluating the myriad factors that have sufficiently influenced consumer psychographics when choosing private store brands instead of commercial name brands. This was achieved by analyzing; general marketing strategies, effective branding, pricing and associated discounting, and general attractiveness of store brands.The condensed objective was dissected into related sub-objectives including; the marketing strategies that have been pursued by food retailers in promoting their own brands, factors that influence preference for store brands in relation to pricing, discounts, psychographic dynamics, existence of promotion thresholds and their overall influence on purchasing habits.Research was undertaken using qualitative methods by surveying the emerging trends that have supported the growth of store brands. Price comparisons were made from empirical data collected from several outlets while the survey was conducted on consumer responses to pricing and discounting. The resultant data was evaluated and represented in tables and charts to support the primary objective of the research.

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The United States Small Business Administration (SBA) defines Small Business Enterprises (SMEs) business establishments that are independently owned managed or operated. Small business organization indicates that some of them have found the Balanced Scorecard to be very significant in boosting general performance in two key perspectives: higher complexity and management capability and drives change and enhance rapid growth. However, in the recent past, there has been increased study on the adoption of BSC in small organizations. The objective of this study was to determine the how small business owners in the United States perceive the aspects of balance score card in regard to business survivability, growth and competitiveness. Hypotheses that were to be answered include H1: Small business owners’ perceive learning and growth as the most significant perspective for their business survival, growth, and competitiveness beside the financial perspective. H2: Small business owners’ perceive customers as the most significant perspective for business growth, survival, and competitiveness. H3: Small businesses owners perceive internal business processes as the most significant perspective for their business growth, survival, and competitiveness. The philosophy adopted is positivist with explanatory and descriptive strategies. The approach of the research is quantitative using ANOVA analysis. The 100 sample companies were selected from the Best 100 small business in the SBA website and survey questionnaire sent online to this selected companies. The result of the research indicated that the most significant Balanced Scorecard perspective is the customer. At the end of the research, it was deciphered that all initiatives that the small business listed in SBA undertake when applying the BSC, customer focus is always the guiding force. Therefore, it can be stated overly that there a significant positive perception of the Balanced Scorecard as a tool to enhance growth and survivability among small businesses.

The absence of intelligence leadership may lead to a failure to motivate employees within universities, which leads to adverse effects on organizational excellence, primarily if the prevailing organizational culture does not support the processes of development and success. Thus, organizational culture is expected to play an essential role in enhancing the leadership’s ability to use its intelligence to achieve organizational excellence. Accordingly, the study aims to identify the mediating role of organizational culture in the impact of leadership intelligence on achieving organizational excellence in Jordanian universities. Qualitative data were collected and quantitatively analyzed. A questionnaire was designed using a leadership intelligence scale and distributed to a sample of 371 faculty members in 33 Jordanian universities. The sample size was chosen according to the statistical tables, and this sample is considered statistically acceptable. The data were processed using structural equations using SPSS and AMOS software. The study concluded that there is an effect of intelligence leadership on organizational excellence. It was also found that organizational culture mediates the relationship between intelligence leadership and organizational excellence. Therefore, the study recommends that the decision makers in Jordanian universities strengthen intelligence leadership, with the need to establish clear foundations in the selection of university leaders, ensuring intelligence leaders’ existence.