This paper compares the effects of Ni and Ru dopants in lanthanum chromite anodes by correlating structural characterization and electrochemical measurements in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Transmission electron microscope observations showed that nanoclusters of Ni or Ru metal precipitated onto lanthanum chromite (La0.8Sr0.2Cr1−ynormalXynormalO3−δ,X=Ni,Ru) surfaces, respectively, after exposure to hydrogen at 750–800°C . Ni nanoclusters were typically ∼10nm in diameter immediately after reduction and coarsened to ∼50nm over ∼300h at 800°C . In contrast, Ru cluster size was stable at ≤5nm , and the cluster density was 10 times larger. SOFC tests were done with the doped lanthanum chromite anodes on La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2normalO3−δ electrolyte-supported cells. Ni nanocluster nucleation improved cell performance and reduced anode polarization resistance compared to cells with undoped (La0.8Sr0.2CrO3−δ) anodes, but the improvement was much less than that for Ru. This comparison suggests that the smaller size of the Ru nanoclusters played an important role in enhancing anode electrochemical kinetics.

State-of-the-art metal 3D printers promise to revolutionize manufacturing, yet they have not reached optimal operational reliability. The challenge is to control complex laser–powder–melt pool interdependency (dependent upon each other) dynamics. We used high-fidelity simulations, coupled with synchrotron experiments, to capture fast multitransient dynamics at the meso-nanosecond scale and discovered new spatter-induced defect formation mechanisms that depend on the scan strategy and a competition between laser shadowing and expulsion. We derived criteria to stabilize the melt pool dynamics and minimize defects. This will help improve build reliability.

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