This paper purposes to investigate the economic, psychological and social effects of the Covid-19 crisis on tourism employees in Turkey. The exploratory research approach was adopted and an online interview, one of the qualitative research methods, was used for data collection. This paper presents valuable evidence to contribute to the literature by emphasizing the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism employees. Tourism employees, who are the core of tourism employment, have been severely affected economically, psychologically and socially during the pandemic process. They were economically subjected to “short-term working allowance” and “severe income loss” and faced the “fear” of losing their jobs and their loved ones psychologically. Furthermore, it has been stated that they have a really “boring” social life during the pandemic. These effects have been sought to strengthen with government incentives such as “unemployment benefit, short-term working allowance, unemployment benefit for suspended personnel, credit support, pandemic social support application, Covid-19 staff training, the supply of personal protective equipment and hygienic working environment”. The Covid-19 is an unprecedented and ongoing crisis for the global tourism industry. This paper serves as a prelude to a broader field of tourism employees during the pandemic and offers theoretical and practical insight for future crises and tourism employees.

The addiction problem associated with the overuse of technology has spread to tourism, with recent literature suggesting that tourists may want “disconnection” while traveling. This study, therefore, focuses on the new and poorly understood concept of the digital detox holiday. There is confusion in the literature since there are many terms to refer to it, such as digital-free tourism, unplugged tourism, and disconnected tourism. This study clarifies digital detox holiday as a tourism form. First, based on a review of previous research, a digital detox holiday model was proposed to resolve the confusion. Second, publications in Google and Scopus databases (2012-2020) were reviewed by bibliometric analysis and science mapping analysis via VOSviewer. The results revealed that the digital detox holiday can be considered a form of digital-free tourism and unplugged tourism. The results also showed that it is a recent research topic, with an increase in relevant publications since 2016, especially after 2018. Consequently, the publication trend is likely to accelerate further in the future. This study contributes to the literature by describing the characteristics of the digital detox holiday and visually mapping publications to highlight trends.

The study investigated the roles of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for accessibility and marketing in tourism. Literature is reviewed in this exploratory study and examples of VR and AR for accessibility and marketing in the tourism industry are presented. The review was conducted with two perspectives: accessibility role and marketing role of VR and AR technologies in the tourism industry. As a result of reviewing, these technologies have both strengths and weaknesses for accessibility in tourism. VR has both strengths such as a secure environment, alternative access, and weaknesses such as user neglect, high cost. Similarly, AR has both strengths such as knowledge enrichment, enhancement of experience, and weaknesses such as high cost, lack of security. The high cost of both technologies restricts accessibility and marketing. Also, VR and AR have benefits as reducing strategy costs, attracting tourists with gamification strategies, ease of brand promotion, building brand loyalty, collecting data, and customized product development in tourism marketing.

No abstract

ÖZETDünya genelinde, sosyal medya sitelerinin ziyaretçi sayılarını artırmaları ve yoğun ilgi görmeleri, iletişimi ön planda tutan kuruluş amaçlarının aksine, sosyal ağ sitelerinin markalar tarafından reklam ortamı olarak keşfedilmeleri sonucunu doğurmuştur Bu çalışma, gün geçtikçe artan kullanıcı sayılarıyla, insanların sosyal iletişim algılarının değişmesine ve internet tabanlı paylaşım olanaklarının artmasına yol açan sosyal ağ siteleri ve sosyal medya ortamları bünyesinde gerçekleştirilen online reklamların etkinliğinin gözler önüne serilmesini amaçlamaktadır Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Medya, Sosyal Ağ Siteleri, Online Reklamlar. SOCIAL MEDIA CONCEPT AND ONLINE ADVERTISING APPLICATIONS ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITESABSTRACT Increasing number of social media visitors and their great interest in social networking all around the world, have caused the social networks become into a kind of advertising media when the original purpose were improving communication. This study aims to clarify the social media applications resulting changes in the perception of social communication by increasing the internet-based sharing opportunities and reveal the efficiency of online advertisements via social networking sites.