A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore forming, motile and strictly oxidative bacterium, strain CHU3T, was isolated from fresh water in the Daecheong Reservoir, South Korea. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel bacterium is closely related to Paucibacter toxinivorans 2C20T (=KCTC 42569T) with a sequence similarity value of 97.8 %, Pelomonas saccharophila DSM 654T (=KCTC 52256T) with 97.4 % similarity and Pelomonas aquatica CCUG 52575T (=KCTC 42961T) with 97.3 % similarity, respectively. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of the isolate were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. Ubiquinone-8 was detected as the respiratory quinone. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and an unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 62.5 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with PaucibactertoxinivoransKCTC 42569T (=2C20T), PelomonassaccharophilaKCTC 52256T (=DSM 654T) and PelomonasaquaticaKCTC 42961T (=CCUG 52575T) resulted in relatedness values of 20 % (reciprocal 11 %), 16 % (reciprocal 17 %) and 15 % (reciprocal 19 %), respectively. The phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization value, polar lipids, fatty acid composition and other physiological characteristics confirmed that strain CHU3T represents a novel species in the genus Paucibacter for which the name Paucibacter oligotrophus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHU3T (=KCTC 42519T=CICC 24092T). An emended description of the genus Paucibacter is also proposed on the basis of new data obtained in this study.

Two 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacteria, strains 4C1-a T and 4C1-b, were isolated from sewage flowing into Geumho River near the Daegu industrial complex in Korea. Cells of the strains were Gram-positive and non-motile, displayed a rod-coccus life cycle and formed creamy white colonies on R2A agar or peptone-carbohydrate agar. The strains had chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with classification in the genus Arthrobacter, i.e. MK-9(H 2 ) as the major menaquinone, iso-and anteiso-branched components as the predominant fatty acids, galactose, glucose and rhamnose as cell-wall sugars, peptidoglycan-type A3a, and DNA G+C content of 63.5-64.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that the strains were most similar to Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus DSM 12829 T , Arthrobacter oxydans DSM 20119T and Arthrobacter scleromae JCM 12642 T (with 98.4, 97.8 and 97.8 % similarity, respectively) and formed a separate lineage with A. chlorophenolicus in the genus Arthrobacter. Combined phenotypic data and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the conclusion that strains 4C1-a T and 4C1-b represent a novel species in the genus Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4C1-a T (5KCTCThe genus Arthrobacter within the family Micrococcaceae was first established by Conn & Dimmick (1947) and the description was emended by Koch et al. (1995) with the reclassification of Micrococcus agilis to this genus as Arthrobacter agilis. Members of the genus Arthrobacter comprise Gram-positive, catalase-positive, actinomycetecoryneform bacteria having a high DNA G+C content (Keddie et al., 1986;Jones & Keddie, 1992). They have been divided into two groups on the basis of their peptidoglycan, which contains lysine as the diamino acid. Members of group I (including the type species, Arthrobacter globiformis) contain a peptidoglycan of A3a type in which cross-linkage is made by interpeptide bridges consisting of monocarboxylic L-amino acids or glycine, or both, whereas members of group II contain a peptidoglycan of A4a type in which cross-linkage is made by interpeptide bridges involving a dicarboxylic acid (Schleifer & Kandler, 1972;Stackebrandt et al., 1983 During the screening of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP)-degrading bacteria from sewage flowing into Geumho River near the Daegu industrial complex in Korea, strains 4C1-a T and 4C1-b were recovered, showing creamy white colonies when grown on R2A agar (Difco) at 25 u C. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the two strains were found to belong to the genus Arthrobacter. For further classification, they were subjected to a polyphasic investigation. and Arthrobacter sulfonivorans DSM 14002 T were used as reference strains under the same conditions.The Gram reaction was performed as described by Gerhardt et al. (1994). Cell morphology and motility were observed under a phase-contrast microscope (Optiphot; Nikon), at 61000 magnification, with cells grown for 1-7 days. Motility was tested by the hanging-d...

A facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain P11-6 T , was isolated from soil of a ginseng field located in Geumsan County, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain P11-6 T were Gram-stain-negative, catalase-negative, motile rods and produced semi-translucent, circular, white colonies on tryptic soy agar. The isolate contained MK-7 as the only menaquinone and anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophosphoglycolipid, an unknown aminophospholipid, two unknown phospholipids, three unknown glycolipids and three unknown lipids were detected in the polar lipid profile. The DNA G+C content of strain P11-6 T was 41.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain P11-6 T was most closely related to Fontibacillus aquaticus GPTSA 19 T (97.2 % sequence similarity) and that it formed a separate lineage with F. aquaticus in the family Paenibacillaceae. Combined phenotypic and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the conclusion that strain P11-6 T represents a novel species in the genus Fontibacillus, for which the name Fontibacillus panacisegetis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is P11-6 T (5KCTC 13564The family Paenibacillaceae of the order Bacillales currently comprises nine recognized genera, Ammoniphilus, Aneurinibacillus, Brevibacillus, Cohnella, Fontibacillus, Oxalophagus, Paenibacillus, Saccharibacillus and Thermobacillus, which accommodate Gram-stain-positive, -variable or -negative, sporulating bacilli. The genus Paenibacillus (type species, Paenibacillus polymyxa) was created by Ash et al. (1993) to accommodate the so-called rRNA group 3 bacilli comprising 11 Bacillus species on the basis of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Since then, ten more Bacillus species and one Clostridium species have been transferred to this genus and a huge number of novel species have been described. Thus, at the time of writing, the genus Paenibacillus contained 109 recognized species (Euzéby, 2010). Most recently, the genus Fontibacillus has been described on the basis of its 16S rRNA gene dissimilarity with respect to related species of the genus Paenibacillus and its unique polar lipid profile, despite its phylogenetic position within the large Paenibacillus cluster (Saha et al., 2010).Strain P11-6 T was recovered during the course of an investigation of the culturable aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacterial community in soil from a ginseng field. At first, the strain was considered to belong to the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of preliminary 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, although it showed low levels of similarity (,96 %) to all recognized species of this genus. However, after the description of the novel genus Fontibacillus, strain P11-6 T was found to show a higher 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (.97 %) to Fontibacillus aquaticus GPTSA 19 T , the only member of this genus. Thus, a polyphasic taxonomic investigation was carried out to clarify the taxo...

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Four Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strains, MM-124, MM-126, NB-68 and NB-77, were isolated from the coastal seawater or a region with a bloom of sea sparkle around Geoje island in Korea. The sequence similarity values of the 16S rRNA gene between the isolates and Sulfitobacter mediterraneus DSM 12244T ranged from 97.7 to 98.2 %, and phylogenetic relationships suggested that they belong to a phylogenetic branch that includes the genera Sulfitobacter and Roseobacter . The isoprenoid quinone of all three novel strains was ubiquinone-10 and the major fatty acid was cis-vaccenic acid, as in other species of the genus Sulfitobacter . However, there were several differences in the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics among the four strains and the reference species of the genus Sulfitobacter . Moreover, the average nucleotide identity values between the three sequenced isolates and the reference strains were below 76.33, indicating that genomic variation exists between the isolates and reference strains. Chemotaxonomic characteristics together with phylogenetic affiliations and genomic distances illustrate that strains MM-124, NB-68 and NB-77 represent novel species of the genus Sulfitobacter , for which the names Sulfitobacter geojensis sp. nov. (type strain MM-124T = KCTC 32124T = JCM 18835T), Sulfitobacter noctilucae sp. nov. (type strain NB-68T = KCTC 32122T = JCM 18833T) and Sulfitobacter noctilucicola sp. nov. (type strain NB-77T = KCTC 32123T = JCM 18834T) are proposed.