Two major ecological generalizations are that species richness increases monotonically with habitat size and that it is often a unimodal function of primary productivity. We performed a meta‐analysis to test hypotheses that, in 41 well‐studied lakes of the world, these patterns are an artifact of combining data from pristine and developed lakes. The monotonic species–area relationship was found in lakes in developed watersheds but not in pristine lakes. The richness–productivity relationship was significantly positive linear (not unimodal) for pristine lakes (typically low productivity) and marginally significant negative linear for developed lakes (typically high productivity). The previously reported unimodal relationship appeared only when data from pristine and developed lakes were combined. Watershed development (quadratic model) was the best single descriptor of richness for all lakes and for developed lakes. Our best regression model for all lakes included linear lake area, quadratic productivity, and quadratic development terms. In pristine lakes, species richness was best described by a positive linear function of lake productivity. In developed lakes, richness was best described by positive linear lake area, negative linear productivity, and linear and quadratic development terms. Our results raise the possibility that two fundamental biodiversity relationships in lakes are influenced by land use.
Eine neuartige Cyclisierungsreaktion ermoglicht in hoher Ausbeute den Einbau einer Brukken-Carbonylfunktion zwischen C-3 und C-7 des Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-Gerustes und eroffnet damit einen einfachen, efizienten Zugang zu variabel substituierten Noradamantanen. Noradamantan, das Stabilomer der Tricyclononane'"), hat ebenso wie viele seiner funktionalisierten Derivate seit der ersten Synthese des Grundkorpers 1 I b b d ) aus mechanistischen, spektroskopischen und praparativen Griinden erhebliches Interesse gefunden. Obwohl eine Reihe monosubstituierter Noradamantane (je 5 mogliche Isomere) bekannt ist, existiert nur eine recht begrenzte Anzahl von Synthesemoglichkeiten fur zwei-und mehrfach substituierte Derivate dieses Kohlenwasserstoffs. Bekannt sind 2,6-, 2,9-, 3,7-, 3,9-, 2,4-und 2,8-disubstituierte Noradamantane*', deren Synthesen entweder von entsprechenden substituierten Bicyclo[3.3.l]nonan-Vorlaufern (transanulare Kniipfung der C-3/C-7-Bindung von l), von Adamantanderivaten (Ringverengung), Brendanderivaten (Gerustumlagerung) oder Bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-Vorstufen (intramolekulare 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition) ausgehen. Wir berichten hier iiber einen neuen, einfachen Zugang zu Derivaten des 9-Noradamantanons, der nicht nur die Probleme bei der Darstellung dieses Ketons selbst auf den bisher bekannten'~~) Wegen der C-3/C-7-Verknupfung (chromatographische Trennung von Vorstufen, geringe Ausbeuten) umgeht, sondern auch variable Funktionalisierung in C-1-Stellung und Substitution in C-3-und C-7-Positon erlaubt. Ausgangspunkt unseres neuen Syntheseweges ist das Bicy-
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