Sustainable energy generation calls for a shift away from centralized, high-temperature, energy-intensive processes to decentralized, low-temperature conversions that can be powered by electricity produced from renewable sources. Electrocatalytic conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks would allow carbon recycling of distributed, energy-poor resources in the absence of sinks and sources of high-grade heat. Selective, efficient electrocatalysts that operate at low temperatures are needed for electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) to upgrade the feedstocks. For effective generation of energy-dense chemicals and fuels, two design criteria must be met: (i) a high H:C ratio via ECH to allow for high-quality fuels and blends and (ii) a lower O:C ratio in the target molecules via electrochemical decarboxylation/deoxygenation to improve the stability of fuels and chemicals. The goal of this review is to determine whether the following questions have been sufficiently answered in the open literature, and if not, what additional information is required: What organic functionalities are accessible for electrocatalytic hydrogenation under a set of reaction conditions? How do substitutions and functionalities impact the activity and selectivity of ECH? What material properties cause an electrocatalyst to be active for ECH? Can general trends in ECH be formulated based on the type of electrocatalyst? What are the impacts of reaction conditions (electrolyte concentration, pH, operating potential) and reactor types?

Frames play an important role in intractable conflict. As lenses through which disputants interpret conflicts, divergent frames limit the clarity of communication and the quality of information and encourage escalation. These frames, embedded in personal, social, and institutional roles, are often quite stable over time. Yet in some intractable conflicts, reframing interventions have contributed to tractability.A riot is at bottom the language of the unheard.Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights leader, 1967 [Rioters] are lawbreakers, destroyers of constitutional rights and liberties and ultimately destroyers of a free America. American president, 1965 M artin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson are describing the same event using different frames, or interpretive lenses, through which each individual views and makes sense of unfolding events. This article explores the nature of frames and the framing process and their consequences for intractable conflicts. We define the concept and review what is known about frames and their impact on conflict dynamics. We then discuss commonly recurring frames and offer some examples from practice. Finally, we examine the potential for, and implications of, reframing in conflict management. Lyndon Baines Johnson,

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Marine sediments provide the largest habitat on planet earth, yet knowledge of the structure and function of their flora and fauna continues to be poorly described in current textbooks. This concise, readable introduction to benthic ecology builds upon the strengths of the previous edition but has been thoroughly revised throughout to incorporate the new technologies and methods that have allowed a rapid and ongoing development of the field. It explores the relationship between community structure and function, and the selection of global examples ensures an international appeal and relevance. The economic value of marine sediments increases daily, reflected in the text with a new emphasis on pollution, climate change, conservation, and management. This accessible textbook is suitable for both advanced undergraduate and graduate students who have had a general ecology course, but no further training in benthic ecology. It will also be of relevance and use to professional researchers and consultants in marine ecology and environmental science who seek a compact but comprehensive introduction to benthic ecology.

In environmental decision making, local community residents and activists frequently make claims about risk and its management that run counter to expert knowledge. Environmental practitioners who dismiss these claims as irrational or emotional become ill-equipped to cope with them. How might we better understand risk perceptions, and what are their implications for environmental professional practice? This article examines how these differences emerge as a result of frames, or interpretive lenses. As described in this article, lay perceptions are often based on extreme outcomes rather than expected value, built upon experiential rather than analytic models, focus on social rather than physical risk systems, and seek zero risk rather than relative risk reduction. Divergent perceptions of risks not only alter preferences for specific decisions but also aggravate disparities in identity and characterization frames. These disparities further decrease trust and inhibit communication, which in turn further widens divergences between risk frames held by experts and lay publics. Certain strategies may facilitate more effective communication and decision making when risk perception frames diverge. These include promoting more active listening, more carefully assessing frames within which risks are perceived and evaluated, and disentangling characterization and identity frames from risk frames.