Cet article est consacré à l’évaluation de la mise au barème des dividendes en France à partir de 2013. Après une mise en perspective internationale et une présentation des principaux arguments théoriques, nous mettons en œuvre une stratégie par doubles différences. Nos résultats suggèrent que la mise au barème des dividendes aurait entraîné une réduction de 70 % des dividendes du groupe traité sans que ces réponses ne soient la conséquence de redénomination des revenus des indépendants. Ces réponses comportementales sont telles que la mise au barème des dividendes aurait réduit les recettes fiscales. La réforme aurait également conduit à une hausse du patrimoine immobilier.
The opinions and analyses in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect their institution's or Insee's views. 1. The statistical department of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. EMTR Disposable income Gross income Disposable income Disposable income: after rebate on CSG if gross income below 1.3 times minimum wage Disposable income: after abolition of housing benefit Effective marginal tax rate Effective marginal tax rate: after rebate on CSG if gross income below 1.3 times minimum wage Effective marginal tax rate: after abolition of housing benefit
Who benefits from public transfers in France after paying taxes? We answer this question through an extended approach of redistribution, allocating 100% of national income and transfers between various categories of individuals using new micro-founded methods to monetize in-kind transfers and collective public services. We find that 60% of households are net beneficiaries of extended redistribution. By contrast, the proportion is only one-third with the usual monetary approach, as important items such as public services or VAT are not accounted for. The impact of redistribution on attenuation of inequalities is two times larger than with the usual monetary approach, with a major role for health and education. An analysis over age groups highlights a “paradox of horizons”: 90% of individuals over the age of 60 receive more than they pay, mainly via retirement pensions and health, versus less than 50% for those under the age of 60. For individuals without a diploma, the income gap between people aged 50 to 64 and the young falls from 130% before transfers to 25% after transfers; and for individuals with a bachelor’s degree, from 150–50%. Other types of analysis, such as family, gender, geographic area or social class, confirm the importance of the extended approach to properly assessing redistribution. Classification JEL: E01, D63, O57.
Between 2003 and2010, the amount of tax incentives and subsidies granted by French public authorities to finance the R&D activities of SMEs increased fourfold. This very sharp increase is due to the research tax credit (RTC) reforms, particularly in 2008, the creation in 2004 of a young innovative business status and an increase in subsidies over the period. Based on exhaustive employment data for France, this paper presents the first ever evaluation of the effect of the increase in these aids on small firms. Using a method that combines matching and a labour demand model, we show that the effect of public support on R&D employment is positive and increased during the period 2004-2010. Nonetheless, the increase in aid, particularly subsequent to the wide ranging reform of the RTC in 2008, was accompanied by a significant crowding-out effect: according to our estimates, only between 18 and 34% of the supplementary aid obtained by businesses between 2008 and 2010 was used to finance new jobs for highly qualified workers.
Dans cet article, nous dressons un panorama mondial des aides à la R&D et synthétisons les évaluations récentes de l’effet des aides à la R&D. Nous montrons que les aides sont multiples et hétérogènes selon les pays, mais qu’une tendance récente est l’augmentation du poids relatif des incitations fiscales par rapport aux aides directes en Europe. Une revue internationale de littérature sur l’évaluation économétrique des aides publiques à la R&D montre que si la grande majorité des études conclue que les aides à la R&D stimulent l’investissement en R&D, l’ampleur de cet effet diverge. Le large éventail d’estimations reflète aussi bien des différences méthodologiques que des différences entre types d’aides à la R&D étudiés, leur design, leur pays d’application, la taille ou l’âge des entreprises. Cependant, la corrélation macroéconomique est imparfaite entre part des aides publiques à la R&D et poids de la R&D dans le PIB, certains pays comme la France se distinguant nettement avec un fort soutien public mais un sous-investissement en R&D privée. Cela traduit le fait que la R&D et l’innovation ne sont pas seulement liées aux aides publiques mais à de nombreux autres facteurs. Certaines préconisations sur le design des aides sont apportées en conclusion.
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