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Eight potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars were transformed with a modified cry 1AC9 gene under the transcriptional control of the CaMV 35S promoter using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with a nptII gene conferring kanamycin resistance as a selectable marker. Initially the transformation efficiency of two Agrobacterium strains (LBA4404 and AGL1) were compared using the potato cultivars 'Iwa' and 'Ilam Hardy'. Both strains resulted in similar numbers of regenerated shoots, but there was a higher proportion of off-types among plants transformed using the AGL1 strain. Subsequently, the cultivars 'Karaka', 'Pacific', 'Red Rascal', 'Rua', 'Russet Burbank', and 'White Delight' were transformed with strain LBA4404. Putatively transformed lines with kanamycin resistance were assayed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with an endogenous potato actin as an internal control. From a total of 116 lines, 105 were confirmed as being PCR-positive for the nptII gene, of which 93 were also PCR-positive for the presence of the cry1Ac9 gene. all transgenic lines tested was less than 60 ng/g fresh leaf tissue. The growth of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) larvae was inhibited by foliage from greenhouse-grown plants of 77 of the transgenic lines (P < 0.05). Fifty-five of these resistant transgenic lines were described as having a phenotypic appearance comparable to the corresponding parental cultivars, when grown in the greenhouse. Southern analysis on four highly resistant lines revealed they contained two to five copies of the cry1Ac9 gene. Several transgenic lines severely reduced larval growth while exhibiting a phenotype similar to their parent cultivar. These lines warrant further investigation in the field.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has required clinicians to urgently identify new treatment options or the repurposing of existing drugs. Several drugs are now being repurposed with the aim of identifying if these drugs provide some level of disease resolution. Of particular interest are chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), first developed as an antimalarial therapy. There is increasing concern with regards to the efficacy and safety of these agents. The aims of this review are to systematically identify and collate studies describing the use of CQ and HCQ in human clinical trials and provide a detailed synthesis of evidence of its efficacy and safety. Methods and Findings: Searches for (COVID AND chloroquine [title/abstract] AND outcomes[full text]) and two (COVID AND hydroxychloroquine[title/abstract] AND outcomes[full text]) yielded 272 unique articles. Unique articles were manually checked for inclusion and exclusion criteria and also subjected to a quality appraisal assessment. A total of 19 articles were included in the systematic review. Seventy-five percent of observational studies employing an endpoint specific to efficacy recorded no significant difference in the attainment of outcomes, between COVID-19 patients given a range of CQ and/or HCQ doses, and the control groups. All clinical trials and 82% of observational studies examining an indicator unique to drug safety discovered a higher probability of adverse events in those treated patients suspected of, and diagnosed with, COVID-19. Seventy-five percent of the total papers focusing on cardiac side-effects found a greater incidence among patients administered a wide range of CQ and/or HCQ doses, with QTc prolongation the most common finding, in addition to its consequences of VT and cardiac arrest. Of the total studies using mortality rate as an end-point, 60% reported no significant change in the risk of death, while 30% showed an elevation, and 10% a depression, in treated relative to control patients. Conclusion: The strongest available evidence suggests that, relative to standard in-hospital management of symptoms, the use of CQ and HCQ to treat hospitalised COVID-19 patients has likely been unsafe. At the very least, the poor quality of data failing to find any significant changes in the risk of VT should preclude definitive judgment on drug safety until the completion of high-quality randomised clinical trials.