This review aims to characterize the dualistic role of autophagy in both the suppression and propagation of carcinogenesis. The process of autophagy is responsible for maintaining the delicate balance between the survival and death of a cell, and in the past years it has been studied profoundly. It has been proven that the role of autophagy in maintaining genomic and structural integrity can lead to the suppression of carcinogenesis in its early stages. However, once carcinogenesis has occurred, the process of autophagy may contribute to the survival of tumor cells and, consequently, lead to tumor progression. Additionally, autophagy can modulate the response of the tumor cells to therapy, leading to radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance or reduced susceptibility to anticancer drugs that propagate autophagy-related cell death. Although the role and course of autophagy are not yet fully known, the essence of it seems to be within our grasp. We have observed the identification of an increasing number of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Therefore, more research concerning its molecular course and potential applications in cancer treatment and prevention needs to be conducted.

Nowadays, molecular and immunological research is essential for the better understanding of tumor cells pathophysiology. The increasing number of neoplasms has been taken under ‘the molecular magnifying glass’ and ,therefore, it is possible to discover complex relationships between the cytophysiology and immune system action. An example could be renal cell carcinoma (RCC) which has deep interactions with immune mediators such as Interleukin 17 (IL-17)—an inflammatory cytokine reacting to tissue damage and external pathogens. RCC is one of the most fatal urological cancers because of its often late diagnosis and poor susceptibility to therapies. IL-17 and its relationship with tumors is extremely complex and constitutes a recent topic for numerous studies. What is worth highlighting is IL-17’s dual character in cancer development—it could be pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic. The aim of this review is to summarize the newest data considering multiple connections between IL-17 and RCC.

Proper diet is a well-established factor influencing the effectiveness of training. to assess the knowledge of young sportspeople from Wrocław about sport nutritional strategies an online survey was distributed to Wrocław sport schools and clubs. the respondents were asked to answer questions regarding their sport activity, diet and the knowledge of nutrition strategies. the answers were then compared with the recommended strategies of international Society of Sports Nutrition (iSSN) and other research on this topic. 147 answers were analyzed. 38% of the respondents modified their diet due to training. their most popular strategy was an additional pre-workout meal. in the group that did not modify the diet, the majority (82%) heard of some sport nutrition strategy. 52% of the respondents consumed a protein peri-workout meal. estimated 30% consume the amount of protein recommended by iSSN. Percentage of young sportspeople adjusting diet to training seems to be low, taking into account both established importance of such proceedings and awareness of sport nutrition strategies in this group. interestingly, more men than women do so. Group of respondents following well-documented iSSN recommendations is comparably modest. Perhaps the topic of nutrition strategies should be given more emphasis in schools and sport associations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global public health, with long-term consequences that are still largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the data regarding acute cardiovascular hospital admissions in five European centers before and during the pandemic. A multicenter, multinational observational registry was created, comparing admissions to the emergency departments (ED) during a 3-month period in 2020 (during the pandemic) with the corresponding period in 2019 (pre-pandemic). Data on patient demographics, COVID-19 test results, primary diagnosis, comorbidities, heart failure profile, medication use, and laboratory results were collected. A total of 8,778 patients were included in the analysis, with 4,447 patients in 2019 and 4,331 patients in 2020. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of cardiovascular diseases between the two years. The frequency of pulmonary embolism (PE) increased in 2020 compared to 2019, while acute heart failure (AHF) and other cardiovascular diseases decreased. The odds of PE incidence among hospitalized patients in 2020 were 1.316-fold greater than in 2019. The incidence of AHF was 50.83% less likely to be observed in 2020, and the odds for other cardiovascular diseases increased by 17.42% between the two years. Regarding acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the distribution of its types differed between 2019 and 2020, with an increase in the odds of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 2020. Stratification based on sex revealed further insights. Among men, the incidence of AHF decreased in 2020, while other cardiovascular diseases increased. In women, only the incidence of STEMI showed a significant increase. When analyzing the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-positive patients had a higher incidence of PE compared to COVID-negative patients. COVID-positive patients with ACS also exhibited symptoms of heart failure more frequently than COVID-negative patients. These findings provide valuable information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute cardiovascular hospital admissions. The increased incidence of PE and changes in the distribution of other cardiovascular diseases highlight the importance of monitoring and managing cardiovascular health during and post pandemic period. The differences observed between sexes emphasize the need for further research to understand potential sex-specific effects of COVID-19 on cardiovascular outcomes.

Nowadays molecular and immunological research is essential for the better understanding of tumor cells pathophysiology. The increasing number of neoplasms is taken under ‘the molecular magnifying glass’ therefore it is possible to discover complex relationships between cytophysiology and immune system action. An example could be renal cell carcinoma (RCC) which has deep interactions with immune mediators such as Interleukin 17 (IL-17) - an inflammatory cytokine reacting to tissue damage and external pathogens. RCC is one of the most fatal urological cancer because of its often late diagnosis and poor susceptibility to therapies. IL-17 and its relation with tumors is extremely complex and constitute a recent topic for numerous research. What is worth highlighting is IL-17 dual character in cancer development - it could be pro- as well as antitumorigenic. The aim of this review is to summarize the newest data considering multiple connections between IL-17 and RCC.