Objectives Indonesia is ranked as the 4th highest contributor to tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Semarang District in Central Java displays extremely low case detection rate (CDR), possibly contributing to the local prevalence of TB. Methods A case-control study was performed to explore the factors that cause such low CDR. We recruited 129 TB cases and 83 controls that visited the same centers and were not diagnosed with TB. Results The cases had 7.5 ± 2.3 symptoms/person on average, indicating the delay in diagnosis because the controls only displayed 1.0 ± 1.7. The multiple logistic regression analysis comparing the cases/controls extracted following factors as a risk to have TB: farmer, close contact with TB patients, ignorance of whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was accepted or no, smoking, low income, a lot of people living in the same room, irregular hand wash before meals, not wash hands after blow, soil floor, and no sunlight and no ventilation in the house. Conclusions Neither the cases nor the controls knew the symptoms and how to avoid TB infection, which probably caused the delay in diagnosis. It is difficult to change the current living conditions. Thus, the amendment of the community-based education program of TB seems to be required.

Alcohol dehydrogenases 1 and 3 would accomplish the pharmacokinetic adaptation to CAC in the early period. ADH1 contributes to the metabolic pharmacokinetics of CAC with a decrease in AUC in conjunction with an increase of AER by increasing the enzyme content in the presence of ADH3. ADH3 also contributes to a decrease in AUC in conjunction with not only an increase in AER but also a decrease in C by increasing the enzyme content.

Those with a pragmatic attitude were less likely to have PTSD. However, those who were required to make decisions within close relationships and were intimate with the Nanai tradition and the Amur River had increased likelihood of PTSD.

ObjectivesSerine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) plays a crucial role in deciding the timing of desquamation of the skin. Its gene expression is limited at the very surface of the stratum granulosum (SG), whereas expression of kallikreins (KLKs) encoding proteases is usually found throughout the stratum spinosum and SG.MethodsTo explore the difference in expression regulation of these proteases/inhibitors, the function of SPINK5 promoter was examined using luciferase assay.ResultsLuciferase assay targeting the SPINK5 promoters (nucleotide −676/−532 and −318/−146 from the major transcription start site) showed high intensity in NHEK human keratinocyte. These two sites had neither common cis-elements nor GATA3 element but electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed similar retardation bands. Moreover, DNA footprinting did not display specific protected bands. Thus, we could not identify cis-element(s) that controlled these elements. Differentiation induced by high Ca2+ medium failed to alter their luciferase activities. Transfection of GATA3 expressing vector significantly but slightly increased them and that of vector expressing its dominant negative form decreased.ConclusionsAlthough GATA3 is reportedly important for inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of keratinocytes, its effect on SPINK5 expression was indirect and GATA3 alone was insufficient for final differentiation of keratinocytes where full SPINK5 expression was observed.

The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of genistein and/or menaquinone‑4 (MK‑4) on bone quality. Initially, 1 µM genistein was applied to MC3T3‑E1 cells for 24 h and the upregulated mRNAs that were detected by microarray were selected for further examination by reverse transcription‑quantitative‑polymerase chain reaction. Among them, alterations were observed in the level of GATA‑binding protein 6 (GATA6), Notch gene homolog 2 (NOTCH2), Wnt family member 5A (WNT5A), bone γ‑carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), chondroadherin (CHAD), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 3 and ATPase phospholipid‑transporting 11A (ATP11A) in response to treatment with 0.1 µM 17‑β‑estradiol, 1 µM genistein, and/or 1 µM MK‑4. GATA6, NOTCH2 and WNT5A are considered to be associated with osteoclast, but not osteoblast, function; however, increases in osteoblastic mRNAs, including BGLAP and CHAD, were observed in each of the treatment groups at 48 h. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed an increase in CHAD and DPP4 proteins following the administration of genistein + MK‑4. Furthermore, genistein + MK‑4 led to alterations in cell morphology to spindle or oval shapes, and increased the intensity of ALP staining. Although the level of ALP mRNA was not consistently altered in response to the treatments, a marked increase in ALP activity was observed following 96 h treatment with genistein + MK‑4. Therefore, the simultaneous intake of genistein and MK‑4 appears to be beneficial for the maintenance of bone quality.