We monitored the evolution in time of pinhole-free structures based on FTO/TiO/CHNHPbICl layers, with and without spiro-OMeTAD and counter electrodes (Ag, Mo/Ag, and Au), aged at 24 °C in a dark nitrogen atmosphere. In the absence of electrodes, no degradation occurs. While devices with Au show only a 10% drop in power conversion efficiency, remaining stable after a further overheating at 70 °C, >90% is lost when using Ag, with the process being slower for Mo/Ag. We demonstrate that iodine is dislocated by the electric field between the electrodes, and this is an intrinsic cause for electromigration of I from the perovskite until it reaches the anode. The iodine exhaustion in the perovskite layer is produced when using Ag electrodes, and AgI is formed. We hypothesize that in the presence of Au the iodine migration is limited due to the buildup of I negative space charge accumulated at the perovskite-OMeTAD interface.

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This concept paper presents Mobile Agricultural Robots (MARs) for the development of precision agriculture and implicitly the smart farms through knowledge, reason, technology, interaction, learning and validation. Finding new strategies and control algorithms for MARs has led to the design of an Autonomous Robotic Platform Weed Control (ARoPWeC). The paradigm of this concept is based on the integration of intelligent agricultural subsystems into mobile robotic platforms. For maintenance activities in case of hoeing crops (corn, potatoes, vegetables, vineyards), ARoPWeC benefits from the automatic guidance subsystem and spectral analysis subsystem for differentiation and classification of the weeds. The elimination of weeds and pests is done through the Drop-on-Demand spray subsystem with multi-objective control, and for increasing efficiency through the Deep Learning subsystem.

Biomechanical systems for human upper limb have been studied and developed for more than 60 years, due to requirements of improving life quality for people who cannot partially, or totally, use their hand. This paper presents aspects related to preliminary research (kinematic model of thumb, 3D mechanic model, hard-software platform) of a bionic hand that will be done and is intended to be of high sensitivity, good accuracy, low weight, friendly user interface, with efficient command and control system.