This article focuses on two Finnish personal constructions which can be used to create indexically open reference, i.e. they can be used to refer to generalized or shared human experiences. These two constructions are the zero-person construction and the open 2nd person singular construction. Using Finnish everyday conversational data, we (i) statistically analyze the distributional semantico-grammatical differences in the use of the zero-person and open 2nd person singular constructions, and (ii) examine these differences on a clausal and sequential level in interactional contexts. In our analysis, we integrate quantitative and qualitative methods. Our aim is to show that by mixing methods it is possible to both reveal the recurring semantico-grammatical patterns of the constructions across a large corpus and analyze how these patterns are shaped by the ongoing interaction.
This article focuses on the variation of subject expression in modal constructions of necessity with pitää ‘must, have to’ in Finnish everyday conversations. In spoken Finnish, subjects are typically encoded with both a pronominal and a verbal marker although in principle it is possible to omit the pronominal subject. The modal verbs of necessity, however, are unipersonal which means that the verb does not show agreement with the person of the subject. Omitting the pronominal subject altogether is common in necessity constructions, typically resulting in a so-called zero-person construction which is a type of referentially open personal construction in Finnish. The present article sets out to explore the semantico-grammatical and discourse features of necessity constructions without an overt grammatical subject comparing them with those with a speech act pronoun as their subject. The Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) is employed to model the differences in the characteristics of the two constructions. After an overview of the statistical results, the article goes on to provide a qualitative analysis of the statistically significant differences. The quantitative findings indicate that different types of subject expression are entwined in the semantico-grammatical and discoursive characteristics of the modal constructions of necessity. The qualitative analysis then shows how these differences are reflected in the ways in which they are used as interactional resources.
Kokkuvõte. Mikael Varjo: Enam kui null? Referentsiaalselt erilised ja avatud netsessiivkonstruktsioonid soome argivestlustes. Käesolevas artiklis uuritakse grammatilise subjekti vaheldumist. Võrdlen omavahel soomekeelses argivestluses esinevaid pitää-verbiga moodustatud modaalseid netsessiivkonstruktsioone, mis esinevad kas subjektita või sisaldavad kõneaktis osalevat subjekti positsioonis pronoomenit (pronoomensubjekti). Soome keeles tähistatakse grammatilist subjekti tüüpiliselt nii pronoomeni kui ka pöördelõpuga, kuigi põhimõtteliselt võib subjekti funktsioonis pronoomeni ära jätta. Netsessiivverbid on siiski vaegpöördelised, esinedes ainult ainsuse 3. pöörde vormis, mis tähendab seda, et verb ei ühildu subjektiga. Netsessiivkonstruktsiooni puhul on tavaline pronoomensubjekti täielik ärajätt, mille tulem on nn üldisikuline konstruktsioon (nollapersoonarakenne) – soome keelele omane referentsiaalselt avatud isikut väljendav konstruktsioon. Üldistatud lineaarse segamudeli (GLMM) tulemused näitavad, et subjektivaheldust mõjutavad mitmed semantilis-grammatilised ning ka diskursiivsed tegurid. Tulemused näitavad, et üldisikulistel netsessiivkonstruktsioonidel on selgelt eristatavad sotsiaalset interaktsiooni liigendavad funktsioonid, näiteks (ühine) planeerimine või soovide väljendamine ja kõnesituatsiooni osalejarollide muutmine. Grammatilist subjekti sisaldavad netsessiivkonstruktsioonid aga rõhutavad pigem teo või tegevuse vajalikkust või kohustuslikkust kui selle otsest algatamist.
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