The article is devoted to the analysis of various approaches to the protection of personal data in Russia and the European Union. In order to determine the importance of observing the right to protection of personal data, a number of documents of the European Commission adopted over the past few years have been analyzed. General scientific and special legal methods of cognition allowed for a comparative analysis of Regulation 2016/679 on the Protection of Individuals in the Processing of Personal Data and Their Free Movement (2018) and EU Directive 2016/680. Although Russia has ratified the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (1981), it has not been able to solve a number of problems related to the mandatory notification about personal data leaks, protection of personal data during their processing and against unauthorized access, etc. As a result, conclusions are drawn regarding the prevailing approaches to the definition of personal data and a unified conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of personal data. Proposals for the modernization of Russian legislation based on international experience are made as well.

The research analyzes problems associated with new religious movements in a secular state, using the example of the Russian Federation. It has been established that a state in which religion and the state are separated from each other is recognized as secular. The state and state bodies are separated from the Church and religious associations and do not interfere with their activities. In turn, the latter do not interfere with the activities of the state and state bodies. A secular state implies: the absence of any religious authority over state bodies, the inadmissibility of the performance of any state functions by the Church or its hierarchs; the absence of compulsory religion for public servants and authorities; the state's non-recognition of the legal significance of Church acts and religious rules as sources of law; the state's refusal to finance the expenses of any Church or religious organization. The purpose of this article is to review, define, and comprehensively analyze the legal regulation of new religious movements in Russia, as well as to determine the legal status of these organizations, their activities and relationships with the state and state bodies.

The article is dedicated to analyzing technical and legal means of concluding an agreement via the Internet. During their study, the authors have determined that there are two main ways to conclude these contracts: to conclude contracts by exchanging e-documents and to carry out implicative actions, each of which has its own characteristics. The correlation and analysis of civil legal relations and judicial practice have shown the possibility of both ways that can sometimes corroborate and replace each other. The authors have come to the conclusion that today a click-wrap agreement widely used when providing the access to content or services on the Internet is of particular popularity among users of Internet resources. At the end, the authors have drawn the conclusion that it is necessary to reduce the excessive impact of the state on the economy in the area of digital relations by creating public means of control, such as self-regulation. This can be achieved by providing such organizations with broad rights and powers, and at the same time establishing high responsibility for violating the law.

 Abstract: The article considers the distribution of risks among participants in civil relations. In order to do this, the authors analyze the basic concepts of "risk" of both domestic and foreign scientists. As a result, the work substantiates the legal nature of risk, as well as the lack of a regulatory framework, which creates problems of legal regulation of the distribution of risks among participants in civil relations. It is established that risk studies are presented in the general theory of state and law, civil, criminal law and other branches of Russian legal science, covering mainly very specific issues arising from the subject matter of the relevant branches of law. The methods of risk management at the level of both existing legal structures and newly emerging ones are considered. Finally, the authors conclude that there is no legal definition of risk, which results in a lack of uniform application of rules that directly or indirectly include the category of risk. Since risk is an integral part of the developed civil turnover and any private law relations, it is necessary to provide a legislative framework for this legal category.

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