The article is devoted to the analysis of various approaches to the protection of personal data in Russia and the European Union. In order to determine the importance of observing the right to protection of personal data, a number of documents of the European Commission adopted over the past few years have been analyzed. General scientific and special legal methods of cognition allowed for a comparative analysis of Regulation 2016/679 on the Protection of Individuals in the Processing of Personal Data and Their Free Movement (2018) and EU Directive 2016/680. Although Russia has ratified the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (1981), it has not been able to solve a number of problems related to the mandatory notification about personal data leaks, protection of personal data during their processing and against unauthorized access, etc. As a result, conclusions are drawn regarding the prevailing approaches to the definition of personal data and a unified conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of personal data. Proposals for the modernization of Russian legislation based on international experience are made as well.

The article is dedicated to analyzing technical and legal means of concluding an agreement via the Internet. During their study, the authors have determined that there are two main ways to conclude these contracts: to conclude contracts by exchanging e-documents and to carry out implicative actions, each of which has its own characteristics. The correlation and analysis of civil legal relations and judicial practice have shown the possibility of both ways that can sometimes corroborate and replace each other. The authors have come to the conclusion that today a click-wrap agreement widely used when providing the access to content or services on the Internet is of particular popularity among users of Internet resources. At the end, the authors have drawn the conclusion that it is necessary to reduce the excessive impact of the state on the economy in the area of digital relations by creating public means of control, such as self-regulation. This can be achieved by providing such organizations with broad rights and powers, and at the same time establishing high responsibility for violating the law.

The article examines the question of the implementation of the Federal Law No. 422 "On Conducting an Experiment to Establish a Special Tax Regime "Tax on Professional Income" in the City of Federal Significance Moscow, the Moscow and Kaluga Regions, and in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)". The authors considered the main prerequisites for the adoption of the Federal Law No. 422, and also analyzed the positive trends in the development of the entrepreneurial activity of the self-employed. The paper reveals deficiencies in the legislative framework for the activities of the self-employed population and formulates suggestions for improving the preferential tax regime for the self-employed category of citizens

The paper explores the aspects of social policies in the Russian Federation and approaches the problems of social security in the context of Russia's ratification of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention. The importance of social standards in the context of labour and social security is demonstrated with further analysis of applicable Russian laws and principal international statutes establishing the minimum guarantees of social security rights. Conclusions are drawn that the legal framework of social security should be enhanced, taking into account the best practices of foreign countries. Another focus of the analysis concerns the issues of raising social security levels for certain categories of individuals by increasing the value of minimum social standards by means of statutory indexation.

The article deals with topical issues of legal recognition of a new type of human rights – somatic rights as rights that appeared in connection with the rapid development of biomedical science. This has given rise to a number of difficulties since these rights are characterized by a purely personal nature and close relationship with the physiological nature of a person. The concept of bioethics is given as an emerging social institution, the meaning of which is to regulate conflicts arising in the field of new medical technologies, on the one hand, and directly with the individual and society on the other. The purpose of this article is to consider the main types of somatic rights, their characteristics and definition, as well as some normative legal acts on the regulation of this type of legal relations in Russia and abroad. Human rights are not a fixed category. Human rights standards have historically emerged, changed and developed in the process of development of society and statehood. Legal constructions characterizing a person as a subject of law with an inherent set of rights, duties, and freedoms were formed at each historical stage in the development of human rights and freedoms. The institute of human rights is in constant development, aimed at expanding the number of rights and freedoms, as well as improving existing ones. Currently, law enforcement agencies do not have the task of expanding existing rights and freedoms. An important point in the development of the last generation of the institute of human rights is to ensure and guarantee the protection of human and citizen. Human rights must be realized in accordance with modern ideas, the current level of development of society, the new challenges they face and the new requirements of democratic development. Theoretical approaches in the field of somatic rights classification, as well as international legal and national regulation of this problem, are investigated using the system, structural and functional methods.