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Greenhouse gases released by agriculture account for 19% of global greenhouse gas emission. Moreover, the abuse of pesticides and fertilizers is a fundamental cause of soil and water pollution. Finding sustainable countermeasures for these problems requires completely new approaches and the integration of knowledge. Precision agriculture (PA) is a technology that reduces environmental pollution with minimal input (e.g., fertilizer, herbicides, and pesticides) and maximize the production of high-quality crops by monitoring the conditions and environment of farmland and crops. However, the lack of data—a key technology for realizing PA—remains a major obstacle to the large-scale adoption of PA. Herein, we discuss important research issues, such as data managements and analysis for accurate decision-making, and specific data acquisition strategies. Moreover, we systematically review and discuss electrochemical sensors, including sensors that monitor the plant, soil, and environmental conditions that directly affect plant growth.

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Recent technological advancements such as an expansion of available biomarkers and an incremental burden of chronic and infectious diseases made point of care (POC) devices in strong demand. It has a potential to surpass conventional lab-based devices in terms of time, cost, accessibility, and even accuracy. This potential strongly depends on an availability of affordable and miniaturized electronic POC devices that can provide a fast and sensitive response. This paper presents an all-in-one electroanalytical device (AED) which is a cost-effective, field-ready, and miniaturized electronic POC device integrated with the most commonly used electroanalytical techniques such as amperometric, voltammetric, potentiometric, conductometric, and impedimetric techniques. The proposed AED can analyze multiple electrochemical sensors simultaneously while having a very small size of 48 mm × 37 mm, including eight disposable screen-printed electrochemical sensor (SPES) connectors. The device supports wired communication using a universal serial bus (USB) and wireless communication with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Furthermore, user-friendly customized Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed to control the device and send obtained data to the user. The system is evaluated through electrical tests to confirm the device accuracy. Subsequently, electrochemical experiments were conducted to evaluate device's performance in the field. These experiments indicated that the developed device operates as an electrochemical sensing device for POC applications. The proposed portable electroanalytical device can perform the most of electroanalytical methods in a single device which has very small form factor and capability to interpret multiple sensors at a time with user friendly interface.

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