Small non-coding RNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs) that can play a role in controlling various immune functions. MicroRNA-146a (miRNA-146a) is regarded as an essential element in posttranscriptional gene expression regulator, indicating a possible function in autoimmune diseases. Aim: The aim of the research was to evaluate the expression of miR-146a and Interleukin-17 serum levels as potential markers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis and to investigate its association with the activity of the disease. Methods: This research comprised 60 subjects divided into 30 RA patients and 30 healthy individuals. The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies rheumatoid factor (RF), Creactive protein (CRP) and serum IL-17 level were estimated. Using reverse transcriptase real time polymerase chain reaction quantitative, the relative quantification of miR-146a expression was determined. Results: There are highly pronounced statistical variations was observed between patients and healthy controls, with relative expression of miR-146a, (ESR), CRP, IL-17 and (anti-CC). There are also extremely important statistical differences (p < 0.001) between the various patient subgroups with respect to miR-146a relative expression. IL-17 level in the RA group was higher than in the control group. Positive associations were noticed between the levels of IL-17, ESR, CRP, (anti-CCP) and miR-146a. Conclusion: This study showed that even the expression of miR-146a was highly significant in RA patients, the level of expression was associated with the activity of the disease. Also, the increase in serum IL-17 in patients with RA compared with healthy controls played an important role in the diagnosis of the inflammatory and destructive characteristics of RA.

Systemic inflammation describes certain metabolic alterations which are mediated by inflammatory cytokines. Theses occur essentially as a defensive body response towards offending agents such as surplus nutrient staffs. Our aim is to find out the role of inulin as a protective agent against metabolic inflammation. Twenty eight type 2 diabetic females were subjected to the estimation of their serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin and HOMA-IR test before and after three weeks of inulin ingestion. There was a significant drop in the level of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, HOMA-IR and a non-significant rise in serum adiponectin after inulin ingestion. In summary inulin can act as a useful protective agent in systemic inflammation.

RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and presumably Secreted) is a chemokine engaged in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 (T2DM), related cardiovascular complications, dyslipidemia and hypertension that are major modifiable risk factors of T2DM. VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) plays a role in diabetic vascular complications. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a lipid aberration defined as the incidence of raised triglycerides (TG) and dimished high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and associated with residual cardiovascular risk. However, the association between chemokine and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic disturbances is still unclear, and few data are available. The aim of this study was to estimate serum RANTES, serum lipid composition, VEGF, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with T2DM and elucidate their relationship in a sample of Egyptian premenopausal women. Serum level of RANTES, VEGF, lipids and body composition were assessed in 100 premenopausal women with T2DM (mean age 35 years old) and 100 healthy controls. Significant increase in serum RANTES level and VEGF was observed in T2DM compared to the control group. Positive correlations between elevated RANETS and increased values of VEGF, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass, LDL-C, TG, total cholesterol and presence of MS were observed in T2DM patients. Elevated RANTES concentration is associated with AD risk, abnormal metabolic components and VEGF levels. This study pinpoints the importance of RANTES as a novel biomarker for dyslipidemia and metabolic disturbance in T2DM patients.

Type 2 diabetic microangiopathy affects every organ in the body and can lead to serious incapacitating complications. VLDL and apo C1 are two of the main biochemical abnormalities which start and propagate this condition. Inulin fructans prebiotic effect on the colonic flora enhance the bifidogenic strains. These predominate over the pathogenic strains which encourage lipidogenesis, thus reducing hyperlipidemia. Our aim is to find out the possible effect of inulin ingestion on the metabolism of VLDL and apo C1 and their role in the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy Twenty eight obese type 2 diabetic female patients were subjected to this study. Each patient ingested 4 grams of inulin daily for 3 weeks. Their fasting serum level of VLDL and apo C1 were estimated before and after the period of inulin ingestion. There was a significant decrease in fasting level of serum VLDL and apo C 1 after inulin ingestion period. In conclusion inulin can be given as a protective and as an add on therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. It reduces two of the main culprits which start and propagate the pathologic pathway of diabetic microangiopathy. This cuts short the other offenders (small HDL, small dense LDL and the small VLDL remnants).

Background: Chemerin has been newly defined to be released from mature adipocytes and the chemerin concentrations in human serum augmented with obesity. There is a subclinical chronic low-grade inflammatory response where insulin resistance (IR) may develop. The aim of this study is to expound the prospective role of chemerin the in inflammation. Also, investigate relation between chemerin and serum lipid, glucose, body fat percentage, and metabolic parameters in obese and lean women with IR. Lymphocytes and neutrophils play a major role in inflammation and comprise the first line of defense against infection. The ratio of absolute neutrophil count to lymphocyte count, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), determined as is a novel inflammatory biomarker utilized as a prognostic factor in numerous diseases Methods: This study was designed to investigate serum chemerin, NLR, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in 50 obese women with IR and 50 lean healthy women. Results: Obese group had significant higher levels of serum chemerin, NLR, hsCRP levels and metabolic parameters than lean one. Chemerin also correlated positively with NLR inflammatory marker and body mass index (BMI). Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio was related to pro‐inflammatory Conclusion: The present study elucidates that chemerin levels are concomitant with obesity and IR and could play a role in the inflammation, having key aspects of metabolic syndrome.