A major threat to the world is the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, which has rendered previously susceptible drugs useless and increased the rate of therapeutic failures. Shigella species, which are the causative organism of Shigellosis, were earlier susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid but now they have developed resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and azithromycin. Many shigellosis outbreaks have been reported by resistant strains of Shigella species. This review attempts to provide a brief overview about the scenario of shigellosis and the emergence as well as ubiquitous nature of multidrug resistant (MDR) Shigella species.

Therapeutic failures against diseases due to resistant Gram-negative bacteria have become a major threat nowadays as confirmed by surveillance reports across the world. One of the methods of development of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is by means of RND efflux pumps. Inhibition of these pumps might help to combat the antibiotic resistance problem, for which the structure and regulation of the pumps have to be known. Moreover, judicious antibiotic use is needed to control the situation. This paper focuses on the issue of antibiotic resistance as well as the structure, regulation and inhibition of the efflux pumps present in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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