A major threat to the world is the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, which has rendered previously susceptible drugs useless and increased the rate of therapeutic failures. Shigella species, which are the causative organism of Shigellosis, were earlier susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid but now they have developed resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and azithromycin. Many shigellosis outbreaks have been reported by resistant strains of Shigella species. This review attempts to provide a brief overview about the scenario of shigellosis and the emergence as well as ubiquitous nature of multidrug resistant (MDR) Shigella species.

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With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the novel Omicron variant in November 2021 has created chaos around the world. Despite mass vaccination, Omicron has spread rapidly, raising concerns around the globe. The Omicron variant has a vast array of mutations, as compared to another variant of concern, with a total of 50 mutations, 30 of which are present on its spike protein alone. These mutations have led to immune escape and more transmissibility compared to other variants, including the Delta variant. A cluster of mutations (H655Y, N679K, and P681H) present in the Omicron spike protein could aid in transmission. Currently, no virus-specific data are available to predict the efficacy of the anti-viral and mAbs drugs. However, two monoclonal antibody drugs, Sotrovimab and Evusheld, are authorized for emergency use in COVID-19 patients. This virus is not fading away soon. The easiest solution and least expensive measure to fight against this pandemic are to follow the appropriate COVID-19 protocols. There is a need to strengthen the level of research for the development of potential vaccines and anti-viral drugs. It is also important to monitor and expand the genomic surveillance to keep track of the emergence of new variants, thus avoiding the spread of new diseases worldwide. This article highlights the emergence of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, Omicron (B.1.1.529), and the vast number of mutations in its protein. In addition, recent advancements in drugs approved by FDA to treat COVID patients have been listed and focused in this paper.

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