We have performed a randomized controlled study in 60 children (ASA 1.8 month to 10 yrs) undergoing lower abdominal and genitourinary surgery, to assess the effects of caudal anaesthesia on plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations during early postoperative period. After induction of anaesthesia by inhalation or intravenously, thirty children received a standardized general anaesthetic (control group) while the remaining children received caudal anaesthetics with 0.25% bupivacaine in addition to a similar general anaesthetic (caudal group). Blood samples for cortisol and prolactin were taken after induction and 1 hour after surgery. Postoperative analgesia was assessed by modified pain objective scale and side effects were noted. Children in the caudal group had significantly smaller plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations at 1 hr postoperatively, compared with those in the control group. Plasma cortisol concentration after induction was higher than after one hour of surgery in the caudal group. These results were correlated with pain scores. No serious side effects were recorded. In conclusion, caudal anaesthesia attenuated the postoperative cortisol and prolactin responses to surgery and pain in children.
SummaryObjectives: Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular and infraclavicular blocks are commonly used for upper extremity surgery. The primary aims of our study were to compare block success, block onset times and performance times; secondary aims were to compare the number of needle advancements, and incidence of adverse events of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular or infraclavicular blocks. Methods: 110 patients were randomized into two groups: supraclavicular (Group S) and infraclavicular (Group I). All the patients were given a mixture of 20 ml 0.5% levobupivacaine and 10 ml 2% lidocaine as local anesthetics. The sensory score of the seven terminal nerves was assessed every 10 min for 30 min. Results: Block success (Group I: 92.7%; Gorup S: 83.6%) and block onset time (Group I: 12.5±4.8; Group S: 11.6±3.9 min) were similar between the groups. Block performance time was shorter in Group I, than Group S (194.4±65; 226.3±59 sec, P<0.05 ÖzetAmaç: Ultrason rehberliğinde yapılan supraklaviküler ve infraklaviküler bloklar üst ekstremite cerrahisinde sıklıkla uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı ultrason rehberliğinde yapılan supraklaviküler ve infraklaviküler blokların, blok başarısı, blok başlama zamanı ve blok uygulama zamanının, ikinci amacı ise iğne yönlendirme sayısının ve istenmeyen yan etkilerin görülme sıklığının karşılaştırılmasıydı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Hastalar (n=110) supraklaviküler (Grup S) ve infraklaviküler (Grup İ) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Lokal anestezik olarak tüm hastalara 20 ml %5'lik levobupivakain ve 10 ml %2'lik lidokain karışımı uygulandı. Duyu skoru yedi terminal sinirde 30 dk boyunca her 10 dk da bir olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Gruplar arasında blok oluşma süresi (Grup İ: 12.5±5; Grup S: 11.6±4 dk) ve blok başarısı (Grup İ: %92.7; Grup S: %83.6) benzerdi. Blok uygulama süresi Grup İ' de Grup S' den anlamlı derecede kısaydı (194.4±65; 226.3±59 sn) (p<0.05) İğne yönlendirme sayısı Grup İ' de Grup S' den anlamlı derecede azdı (p<0.05). Grup İ' deki hastalarda ulnar ve median sinirlerin blokajı Grup S' deki hastalardan, Grup S' deki hastalarda ise medial kutanöz sinirin blokajı Grup İ' dekilerden anlamlı derecede başarılı idi (p<0.05). Grup S' de 9 hastada (%16.3) Horner sendromu, bir hastada (%1.8) parestezi görüldü. Sonuç:İnfraklaviküler ve supraklaviküler yaklaşımla blok özellikleri benzer bulunmuştur ancak infraklaviküler yaklaşım geçici yan etkilerinin daha az olması nedeniyle supraklaviküler bloğa tercih edilebilir.Anahtar sözcükler: Horner sendromu; infraklaviküler brakiyal pleksus bloğu; pnömotoraks; supraklaviküler brakiyal pleksus bloğu.
A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of the study was to in ves ti ga te the in ci den ce of pos to pe ra ti ve re sidu al curarization (PORC) af ter ro cu ro ni um ad mi nis tra ti on using nor ma li zed ac ce le rom yog rap hic (AMG) tra in-of-fo ur (TOF) ra ti os. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et t h ho od ds s: : Du ring pro po fol-fen tanyl-nit ro us oxi de anest he si a, ne u ro mus cu lar block was mo ni to red using ac ce le rom yog raphy met hod in 130 pa ti ents. A TOF ra ti o me a su red at the end of con trol sti mu la ti on was re cor ded as a ba se li ne TOF va lu e. Neu ro mus cu lar block was in du ced with ro cu ro ni um 0.6 mg.kg -1 and an ta go ni zed with ne os tig mi ne 40 μg.kg -1 at the end of anest he si a. Im me di a tely af ter the pa ti ents' ar ri val in the pos ta nest he tic ca re unit (PA CU), TOF ra ti os we re me a su red and nor ma li zed (i.e., di vi ding the raw TOF ra ti o by the ba seli ne TOF va lu e). The in ci den ces of PORC we re de ter mi ned ac cor ding to thre e dif fe rent TOF threshold va lu es: Nor ma li zed AMG-TOF ra ti o <1; raw AMG-TOF ra ti o <1; and raw AMG-TOF ra ti o < 0.9. R Re e s su ul lt ts s: : The ba se li ne AMG TOF ra ti os va ri ed wi dely 110.8 (91-149) among pa ti ents. Con si dering nor ma li zed AMG-TOF ra ti os <1 as PORC, 77 (63.1%) pa ti ents had PORC on ar ri val to the PA -CU. Sig ni fi cantly fe wer pa ti ents had raw TOF ra ti os < 0.9 (39 sub jects, 31.9%), and <1 (67 sub jects, 54.9%) than who se nor ma li zed TOF ra ti os <1 (77 sub jects, 63.1 %) (p< 0.05). Although not statistically significant, the when it was determined using normalized AMG-TOF ratios rather than using raw AMG-TOF ratios (18.3% and 10%, respectively). C Co on nc c l lu u s si i o on n: : Des pi te re ver sal of ne u ro muscu lar block with ne os tig mi ne, the in ci den ce of PORC is very high af ter ro cu ro ni um ad mi nis tra tion.K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Mo ni to ring, physi o lo gic; ro cu ro ni um; comp li ca ti ons; ne u ro mus cu lar bloc ka de Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu ça lış ma da ro ku ron yum son ra sı pos to pe ra tif re zi dü el kü ra ri zas yon (PORK) sık lı ğı -nın nor mal leş ti ril miş ak se le rom yog ra fik (AMG) tra in-of-fo ur (TOF) oran la rı kul la nı la rak be lir lenme si amaç lan mış tır. G Ge e r re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön n t te em ml le er r: : Pro po fol-fen ta nil-nit roz ok sit anes te zi si sı ra sın da, 130 has ta da nö ro müs kü ler blok ak se le rom yog ra fi yön te miy le mo ni to ri ze edil di. Kon trol sti mü lasyo nu son ra sın da öl çü len TOF ora nı ba zal TOF de ğe ri ola rak ka bul edil di. Nö ro müs kü ler blok 0.6 mg.kg -1 ro ku ron yum la sağ lan dı ve anes te zi nin so nun da 40 μg.kg -1 ne os tig min le an ta go ni ze edil di. Has ta lar pos to pe ra tif der len me oda sı na gel dik ten he men son ra TOF oran la rı öl çül dü ve nor mal leş -ti ril di (ham TOF ora nı nın ba zal TOF de ğe ri ne bö lün me siy le). PORK sık lı ğı üç fark lı TOF eşik değe ri ne gö re be lir l...
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