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A 4-kilobase complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding human macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) was isolated. When introduced into mammalian cells, this cDNA directs the expression of CSF-1 that is structurally and functionally indistinguishable from the natural human urinary CSF-1. Direct structural analysis of both the recombinant CSF-1 and the purified human urinary protein revealed that these species contain a sequence of at least 40 amino acids at their carboxyl termini which are not found in the coding region of a 1.6-kilobase CSF-1 cDNA that was previously described. These results demonstrate that the human CSF-1 gene can be expressed to yield at least two different messenger RNA species that encode distinct but related forms of CSF-1.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of human lysozyme in water were carried out for 400 ps with/without the truncation of long-range Coulomb interactions in order to investigate artificial effects caused by the cutoff method. MD simulations with the long-range Coulomb interactions included were carried out by using a recently developed method [PPPC method; Mol. Simul. 8, 321 (1992)]. On the other hand, MD simulations with the long-range Coulomb interactions truncated were carried out using the 10 Å cutoff method. Comparing both results, the following artifacts were found. The cutoff method caused a 1.7 Å larger deviation of charged residues from the x-ray structure than the PPPC method. Further, the cutoff method caused unacceptably large fluctuation around the equilibrium structure in water. However, the fluctuation found with the PPPC method correlated well with that derived from x-ray B-factors.