Some studies have reported that understanding concrete action-related words and sentences elicits activations of motor areas in the brain. The present fMRI study goes one step further by testing whether this is also the case for comprehension of nonfactual statements. Three linguistic structures were used (factuals, counterfactuals, and negations), referring either to actions or, as a control condition, to visual events. The results showed that action sentences elicited stronger activations than visual sentences in the SMA, extending to the primary motor area, as well as in regions generally associated with the planning and understanding of actions (left superior temporal gyrus, left and right supramarginal gyri). Also, we found stronger activations for action sentences than for visual sentences in the extrastriate body area, a region involved in the visual processing of human body movements. These action-related effects occurred not only in factuals but also in negations and counterfactuals, suggesting that brain regions involved in action understanding and planning are activated by default even when the actions are described as hypothetical or as not happening. Moreover, some of these regions overlapped with those activated during the observation of action videos, indicating that the act of understanding action language and that of observing real actions share neural networks. These results support the claim that embodied representations of linguistic meaning are important even in abstract linguistic contexts.

For the past decade the Cuban Neuroscience Center has organized on behalf of the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic, a nationwide Program for the introduction of quantitative EEG (qEEG). This Program has involved a) development of standardized equipment for "paperless" EEG, qEEG and brain topography; b) establishment of a network of 21 laboratories of clinical neurophysiology; c) creation of the specialty of clinical neurophysiology which trains physicians from all provinces in both traditional and quantitative electrophysiological methods; d) introduction of standardized protocols for the collection of clinical and electrophysiological information; e) organization of a national normative and neuropsychiatric database; f) establishment of normative regression equations. Among the special issues discussed are: 1) relationship between traditional and quantitative methods; 2) evaluation of the effectiveness of the technology introduced; 3) use of qEEG in the early detection of brain dysfunction.

Background: Although gait patterns disturbances are known to be related to cognitive decline, there is no consensus on the possibility of predicting one from the other. It is necessary to find the optimal gait features, experimental protocols, and computational algorithms to achieve this purpose. Purposes: To assess the efficacy of the Stable Sparse Classifiers procedure (SSC) for discriminating young and older adults, as well as healthy and cognitively impaired elderly groups from their gait patterns. To identify the walking tasks or combinations of tasks and specific spatio-temporal gait features (STGF) that allow the best prediction with SSC. Methods: A sample of 125 participants (40 young- and 85 older-adults) was studied. They underwent assessment with five neuropsychological tests that explore different cognitive domains. A summarized cognitive index (MDCog), based on the Mahalanobis distance from normative data, was calculated. The sample was divided into three groups (young adults, healthy and cognitively impaired elderly adults) using k-means clustering of MDCog in addition to Age. The participants executed four walking tasks (normal, fast, easy- and hard-dual tasks) and their gait patterns, measured with a body-fixed Inertial Measurement Unit, were used to calculate 16 STGF and dual-task costs. SSC was then employed to predict which group the participants belonged to. The classification performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating curves (AUC). The set of STGF features and tasks producing the most accurate classifications were identified. Results: The comparison between the three groups revealed significant differences for all STGF in all tasks, while the global AUC of the classification using SSC was 0.87. The classification between the groups of elderly people revealed that the combination of the easy dual-task and the fast walking task had the best prediction performance (AUC = 0.86). Gait variability in step and stride time and the RMS value of vertical acceleration were the features with the largest predictive power. SSC prediction accuracy was better than the accuracies obtained with linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine classifiers. Conclusions: The study corroborated that the changes in gait patterns can be used to discriminate between young and older adults and more importantly between healthy and cognitively impaired adults. A subset of gait tasks and STGF optimal for achieving this goal with SSC were identified, with the latter method superior to other classification techniques.

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PurposesTo select the summary cognitive index that is best predicted from spatio-temporal gait features (STGF) extracted from gait patterns.Methods125 participants were recruited, including 40 young and 85 elderly adults. Their performances in different cognitive domains were evaluated through 12 cognitive measures obtained from five neuropsychological tests. Four summary cognitive indexes were calculated in each case: 1) the z-score of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) from a population norm (MMSE z-score); 2) the sum of the absolute z-scores of the patient’s neuropsychological measures from a population norm (ZSum); 3) the patient’s scores for the first principal component (PC) of the set of neuropsychological test scores (PCCog); and 4) the Mahalanobis distance of each patient’s score from a population norm (MDCog). The gait patterns were recorded while they executed four walking tasks (normal, fast, easy- and hard-dual tasks). Sixteen STGF were measured using a body-fixed Inertial Measurement Unit. Dual-task costs were computed. The proportion of variances (R2) that PCA-STGF scores accounted for the four summary cognitive indexes and for the 12 cognitive variables across individuals were measured in multiple linear regressions. The confidence intervals for each R2 were estimated by bootstrapping the regression 1000 times.ResultsThe mean values of R2 for the summary cognitive indexes were: 0.0831 for MMSE z-score, 0.0624 for ZSum, 0.0614 for PCCog, and 0.4751 for MDCog. The mean values of R2 for the 12 cognitive values ranged between 0.0566 and 0.1211. The multivariate linear regression was only statistically significant for MDCog, with the highest value of the R2 estimation.ConclusionsIndividual cognitive variables and most of the summary cognitive indices showed a weak association with gait parameters. However, the MDCog index showed a stronger association, explaining about 50 % of the variance. This suggests that this index can be used to study the relationship between gait patterns and cognition.