Abstract:This study investigated trash talk among soccer players, focusing on whether it actually disturbed playing performance and whether the ability to ignore such trash talk was an asset to the game. The "Laws of the Game" of soccer stipulate that any player who uses "offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures" should be dismissed from the field. Therefore, any penalty imposed on players for such behavior can be interpreted as sanctions for prohibited act.Furthermore, any game in which offensive or insulting remark are used was considered by reference to Kawatani's opinion about excellence and "failed athletic contest". When a referee penalizes a player appropriately for such behavior, it is suggested that the game has not "failed". On the other hand, as such behavior is often difficult for a referee to notice, an appropriate penalty is sometimes not administered. Therefore, it is suggested that an offensive or insulting remark is an act that indirectly destroys the ethos of a game. I conclude that the ability to ignore trash talk is not an asset to the game in principle, but that such ability is practically necessary.

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This study investigated trash talk among soccer players, focusing on whether it actually disturbed playing performance and whether the ability to ignore such trash talk was an asset to the game. The``Laws of the Game'' of soccer stipulate that any player who uses``oŠensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures'' should be dismissed from theˆeld. Therefore, any penalty imposed on players for such behavior can be interpreted as sanctions for prohibited act. Furthermore, any game in which oŠensive or insulting remark are used was considered by reference to Kawatani's opinion about excellence and``failed athletic contest''. When a referee penalizes a player appropriately for such behavior, it is suggested that the game has not``failed''. On the other hand, as such behavior is often di‹cult for a referee to notice, an appropriate penalty is sometimes not administered. Therefore, it is suggested that an oŠensive or insulting remark is an act that indirectly destroys the ethos of a game. I conclude that the ability to ignore trash talk is not an asset to the game in principle, but that such ability is practically necessary.

AbstractIn baseball games, there are instances where a pitcher deliberately targets a batsman of the opposing team with a pitch in order to retaliate against a previous strike on their own player by the opposing team. The present study focusing on major league baseball aimed to clarify the nature of the responsibility sensed a pitcher whoˆnds himself in a similar position after a batsman on his team has taken an intentional hit from the opposing team's pitcher in order to analyze the structure of the pitcher's dilemma. We looked at the situation not only from the viewpoint in which the pitcher's responsibility is considered an obligation, as proposed by Takikawa, but also from the obligations concept proposed by Sandel.We found that there is a responsibility to comply with the o‹cial baseball rules to discourage any retaliatory hit on a batsman in order to avoid any intentional injury to a member of the opponent's team. On the other hand, responsibility for an intentional hit on a batman can be considered an obligation in order to implement an unwritten rule that condones such retaliatory action. Therefore the structure of the responsibility is considered to be an obligation that generates a dilemma for the pitcher and promotes con‰ict. On this basis, the di‹culty of resolving the problem related to a retaliatory hit was highlighted. Furthermore, the possibility of analysis in accordance with the responsibility concept for ethical issues in sport was suggested.We discuss the concept of responsibility as an obligation that presents a con‰ict, and consider which course of action should have priority in such cases.

The purpose of this study was to analyze problems related to the mechanism whereby students can accept corporal punishment during extracurricular sports activities with reference to the books Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself that were central to Erich Frommʼs authority theory. Specifically, the author focused on the concepts of "authoritarian character," "authoritarian ethics," and "authoritarian conscience." Fromm pointed out that anxiety prompted Germanyʼs citizens to give up their freedom in order to obey authoritarian powers such as Hitler and the Nazis. Students taking part in extracurricular sports activities were considered from the viewpoint of Frommʼs authority theory. It was revealed that students comply with a leaderʼs authority in order to relieve anxiety, and have positive thoughts about corporal punishment. Furthermore, it was found that such acceptance of corporal punishment succeeded in eliminating conspicuous suffering, but not in removing any underlying conflicts. Fromm pointed that fear of anxiety was relieved by spontaneous activity. To achieve spontaneous activity by students, it was suggested that some form of measure that does not create the type of partnership that occurred between Germanyʼs citizens and Hitler would be desirable for any relationship between the leader of extracurricular sports activities and the students.