doi: medRxiv preprint NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that occur due to abnormalities in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. In type 2 diabetes mellitus there is a decrease in glucose absorption by the body due to insulin resistance. Energy metabolism from glucose is processed through the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver (cytosol). The process that occurs continuously causes the accumulation of lipids in the liver or "fatty liver" so it is necessary to check the levels of transaminase enzymes which include SGOT and SGPT. The purpose of this study was to analyze the levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the analytical observational method. The results of the examination of SGOT and SGPT levels from 30 patients who were taken randomly at Dr. Soetomo Surabaya will be analyzed with bar graphs and diagrams. Of 30 random samples, 20 samples (66.67%) had SGOT levels above the normal value, and 12 samples (40%) had SGPT with results above normal values. This study concludes that there is an increase in the levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Rumah sakit sebagai tempat pelayanan kesehatan dan tempat kerja yang memiliki berbagai bahaya potensial yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan. Salah satu upaya penyehatan lingkungan rumah sakit yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pengawasan dan inspeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan faktor risiko keberadaan kontaminan biologi pada hasil uji lingkungan yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum “Y” Surabaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan Cross-sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium BBTKLPP Surabaya tahun 2015-Agustus 2017, serta literatur dari beberapa sumber untuk mendukung data yang tersedia. Data kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif dan di sajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. Pemeriksaan biologis pada udara ruang, makanan dan minuman, swab alat kesehatan, air conditioner, dan air bersih dalam kondisi yang tidak memenuhi syarat. Hanya kualitas swab dinding dan lantai yang bisa dikatakan baik dan memenuhi syarat. Rumah sakit umum “Y” Surabaya masih belum memenuhi syarat dari segi uji kualitas mikrobiologi berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1204 Tahun 2014 tentang Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan Rumah Sakit. Perlu dilakukan evaluasi menyeluruh untuk meningkatkan kualitas mikrobiologi pada lingkungan di rumah sakit Y Surabaya, terutama pada area dengan risiko tinggi seperti ruang operasi dan ICU.

Food is a basic human need that must be fulfilled every day. Food preparation and serving should be done with appropriate processing so that the food can be utilized by the human body. Bubur Harisah is a special food of Gresik Regency which be sought after by people because of its health benefits. The research was conducted to identify the condition of hygiene and sanitation and the quality of Eschericia coli bacteria in bubur harisah based on Permenkes RI Nomor 1096 Tahun 2011 tentang Higiene Sanitasi Jasaboga. The research was done by observational method and cross sectional research design. The sample of the research was taken by non probability as 8 porridge harisah seller in Gresik Regency. Data collection was done by filling out questionnaires, observations, and laboratory tests. The result of the assessment of the hygiene and sanitation condition in bubur harisah that there are 4 sellers (50%) who did not fulfill the test of physical condition of hygiene and sanitation with percentage below 93%. There is 1 seller (12.5%) with positive sample test of bacteria Escherichia coli. Observation results test of physical condition show that condition of hygiene and sanitation of porridge harisah have not fulfill standard. The conclusion of this study is that there was bacteria Escherichia coli in the sample of bubur harisah. The suggestion for this research is that food traders should improve hygiene and sanitation conditions and conduct food handler training which is further supervised and supervised by the health office of Gresik Regency.

Gedong gincu mango is an exotic fruit that can become an exclusive mango to supply the modern market. This paper aims to explore the perceptions of Gedong Gincu mango farmers toward their interests, advantages, and barriers to entering the modern market. The study was conducted in Indramayu and Cirebon Districts, West Java, during Juli‒Agustus 2019, with 102 farmers as respondents. This study applied a survey method for data collection using structured questionnaires. The data were descriptively analyzed with a focus on farmer’s perception of the modern market. The results showed that most respondents (>50%) in Indramayu and Cirebon Districts are interested in selling their mango to the modern market. The biggest advantages of the modern market are that they will get a higher price (75%), gain access to better quality seeds/seedlings (16.50%), and get technical assistance and new skills, especially for cultivating and handling yields (15.06%). This study also reveals factors that cause farmers reluctant to sell mangoes to the modern market. The main reason is that most farmers own small-scale farms, so they cannot meet modern market criteria (28.73%). Besides, farmers feel that the mango has low-quality products. Other farmers think they do not have the ability, experience, and sufficient information related to modern markets (14.94%). This study suggests that the government could encourage mango farmers to engage in the modern market by facilitating the training to improve farmer’s capability and provide a supplier who guarantees the supply’s payment and sustainability.