This paper presents the investigation results of the convective heat flow behaviour among the top of an urban street canyon and overlying atmosphere using a numerical model together with available field measurement data in variable geographical and meteorological conditions. It finds that the heat flow structure characterizes the street canyon have a strong relationship with narrowness index, outside wind velocity and latitude of the study area. The increase of the narrowness index and consequently, reduction of the sky-view factor leads to the diminution of heat flow exchange. The temperature of canyon surfaces in smaller narrowness index (n) decreases quickly to the lower degree than the temperature of the surface with larger (n) one. The increase of wind velocity outside of canyon makes this convective heat exchange flow higher, and cooler the street canyon. A parametric approach was established to evaluate this convective heat exchange flow based on the narrowness index, the latitude of the city and outside wind velocity.

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Pelaksanaan pengajian hadith secara turāthī di Malaysia, pada dahulunya mendapat tempat dalam kalangan guru-guru pondok dan juga madrasah pengajian hadith. Dewasa kini, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) menunjukkan kesungguhan dalam memperkenalkan pengajian ilmu hadith secara turāthī dalam pelaksanaan mata pelajaran Turāth al-Sunnah  kurikulum al-Syahadah al-Ulya Ulul Albab khususnya di SM Imtiaz Yayasan Terengganu Besut, Terengganu (SMIYTB). Justeru, kajian ini meneroka sejauh mana pelaksanaan ilmu hadith dalam mata pelajaran turāth al-Sunnah kurikulum al-Syahadah al-Ulya Ulul Albab SMIYTB. Data kajian dikumpulkan melalui proses analisis dokumen dan juga proses temu bual semi struktur bersama seorang Guru Pendidikan Islam Turāth al-Sunnah (GPITS) dan juga perbincangan kumpulan fokus bersama 18 orang murid tingkatan 4. Pekali cohen kappa terhadap data-data yang dianalisis menunjukkan data-data temu bual yang diperoleh adalah berada pada tahap tinggi bagi kedua-dua temu bual iaitu temu bual GPITS (72%) dan temu bual murid (79%). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan pelaksanaan pengajian ilmu hadith dalam mata pelajaran turāth al-Sunnah adalah berasaskan kitab-kitab turath dalam bidang al-Ḥadīth dan Muṣṭalāḥ al-Ḥadīth. Ia diperkenalkan kepada murid-murid sebagai pendedahan dan pengenalan secara asas kepada mereka bagi mendalami hadith-hadith Nabi SAW secara tekstual dan kontekstual dan untuk memahami ilmu-ilmu Muṣṭalāḥ al-Ḥadīth secara asas. Namun demikian, oleh sebab ia dilaksanakan dalam tempoh 60 minit seminggu serta dalam tempoh dua tahun sahaja, setiap kitab yang dipelajari dalam mata pelajaran tersebut disesuaikan dengan sistem pendidikan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) iaitu dengan diwujudkan sukatan pelajaran yang khusus bagi kedua-dua bidang pengajian tersebut. Justeru, kajian ini dilihat mampu memberikan maklumat penilaian awal yang mendalam tentang pelaksanaan pengajian ilmu hadith dalam mata pelajaran turāth al-Sunnah kurikulum al-Syahdah al-Ulya Ulul Albab di SMIYTB.  

The number of pesantren Muhammadiyah has increased dramatically in recent years. Therefore, a mapping of pesantren Muhammadiyah research is required to find the trend of publications, article citations, publishers, and keywords. Through bibliometric studies, this article seeks to identify and analyze pesantren Muhammadiyah's studies published in reputable journals between 2011 and 2020. The mind-mapping method used in this study consisted of four stages: first, searching articles from the Google Scholar database using the Publish or Perish (PoP) applications. Second, papers are filtered. Third, double-check and complete the paper metadata. Fourth, arranging bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer. The investigation yielded four conclusions: first, Pesantren Muhammadiyah publication trends yearly. The study revealed an improving publication trend; second, the scope of religious awareness received the most citations in pesantren Muhammadiyah articles; third, the most reports on pesantren Muhammadiyah and its publisher. The most frequently cited journal is Jurnal Tarbiyatuna, the most commonly cited publisher is Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, and the most frequently cited author keywords in pesantren Muhammadiyah articles are Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. The most widely used keyword term by authors is pesantren Muhammadiyah. The findings of this study, the number of publications in pesantren Muhammadiyah increased, and the number of citations decreased.

The use of the target language has long been considered an important principle of second language (L2) instruction. Previous research has attempted to quantify the amount of the first language (L1) used in the classroom and has explored the purposes or functions of teachers’ ‘lapses’ into their students’ L1. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the attitudes towards using L1 in Arabic classes among teachers of secondary school in Malaysia which consists of students speaking Bahasa as their L1. Data was collected based on the interviews of the teachers that teach Arabic language in a school. The respondents of this study were two experienced teachers. The findings indicated that L1is still used by the teachers to explain difficult concepts of grammar so that students easily understand linguistics terms, and also to translate new words to ensure that students understand unfamiliar words.   Abstrak   Penggunaan bahasa sasaran telah lama dianggap prinsip pengajaran bahasa kedua (L2) yang penting. Kajian terdahulu telah berusaha untuk mengukur kuantiti Bahasa pertama (L1) yang digunakan dalam bilik darjah dan mencari tujuan atau fungsi guru-guru ‘tanpa sedar’ menggunakan bahasa pertama (L1) pelajar.  Tujuan kajian kualitatif ini adalah untuk meneroka sikap guru sekolah menengah di Malaysia terhadap penggunaan L1 dalam kelas Bahasa Arab iaitu pelajar bertutur dalam Bahasa Malaysia sebagai L1.  Data telah diperolehi melalui temubual dengan guru-guru yang mengajar Bahasa Arab di sebuah sekolah. Responden kajian ini adalah dua orang guru yang berpengalaman.  Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa L1 masih digunakan oleh para guru bagi menjelaskan konsep nahu yang sulit supaya pelajar mudah memahami istilah linguistic dan juga bagi menterjemah istilah-istilah baharu bagi memastikan pelajar memahaminya.