The factors that determine whether remyelination fails or succeeds in multiple sclerosis remain unknown. By grafting lymphocytes from patients into demyelinated lesions in mice, El Behi, Sanson et al. show that lymphocytes differ in their ability to induce remyelination. Unravelling the basis of this heterogeneity reveals prerequisites for efficient myelin repair.

Immunotherapy of cancer has always been a very attractive fourth-modality therapeutic approach. Over the past few years, advances in the identification of tumor antigens have offered new perspectives and provided new opportunities for more accurate immunotherapy for cancer. However, when applied to patients with established tumors, it rarely leads to an objective response. This is partly due to the fact that tumors evade host immunity at both the induction and effector phases. Thus, understanding tumor escape mechanisms may be the key to successful immunotherapy for cancer. In the present review, we will focus on how the expression of killer Ig receptors (KIR) on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes can compromise their function and how tumors evade apoptotic death - two additional mechanisms of tumor escape.