Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the current status of e-government services in Afghanistan. To identify the evaluation criteria based on citizen satisfaction from e-government services, the proposed government-to-citizen (G2C) evaluation model is considered in the context of Afghanistan. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual G2C evaluation model and e-government evaluation model are proposed. The criteria used for the G2C evaluation model is based on the demand and supply side, which have an immense effect on citizen satisfaction. The mixed research method (quantitative and qualitative) is used, and quantitative data analysis results are supported through qualitative data analysis. Findings The findings reveal that citizen satisfaction from e-government services in Afghanistan are affected by services availability on multiple channels, citizen-centric features, paralingual support, process performance, skills divide, awareness, information security and transaction security. Research limitations/implications Yet to be addressed, three criteria deemed as significant factors are recommended to be included in the model, namely, government readiness, system quality (usability, service quality and information quality) for supply side and social divide for demand side. These three criteria can help in proposing a successful G2C evaluation model. Additionally, the quantitative data used in this study were collected through paper-based questionnaires. Data collection through Internet can help to get responses from various parts of the country for future evaluation of G2C services. Practical implications The key findings of this study are vitally important for e-government strategies and policy makers to design and disseminate appropriate e-government services to Afghan citizens. The proposed evaluation model can also be used as a guideline for e-government development in Afghanistan. Originality/value A conceptual model for e-government services evaluation approach is proposed based on literature review. The proposed G2C evaluation model identifies and validates key factors and criteria in the context of Afghanistan.

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Online learning, which is needed more than ever today, plays an important role in the educational development of a society. Through online education, millions of students around the world are getting their education and have achieved new heights in this field. The need has been exacerbated by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused many challenges to the education sector in the country. The learning process of tens of thousands of students was disrupted and caused a major setback in teaching methods, learning mechanisms, and schedules. To prevent the virus from spreading further, the ministries of education (MoE) and higher education (MoHE) in the country, like other countries, tried to provide online learning opportunities to their students. In order to find online learning opportunities, challenges, and solutions, we have collected and analyzed the views of dozens of students and teachers in this research. This research paper discusses the situation in terms of infrastructure, public awareness, cultural and economic aspects, as well as how to coordinate the curriculum in order to promote online education in Afghanistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the final section of the research, a number of recommendations have been made for the better development and management of online and e-learning as a whole in Afghanistan.