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Background: Oral ulcers are among the common recurrent oral diseases which seek medical help; the underlying pathology is yet obscure, making medical intervention difficult. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate if montelukast could help mouth ulcer model in Albino rats. Methods: The rats were divided into two groups of 24, the control group of 12 rats with induced ulcer and no therapy, and the treatment group with induced ulcer and treated orally with Montelukast 20 mg/kg. Each group had six rats sacrificed after 3 and 7 days of treatment. The lingual ulcer was produced with cotton soaked in 70% acetic acid solution and rubbed against the tongue for 2 minutes. Discolouration of tongue tissue has been noticed. Animals in all groups were weighed on days 1, 3, and 7 following mucosal ulcerations were confirmed. Results: On days 1, 3, and 7, the body weight of the treatment group rats improved as compared to the control group. On days 3 and 7, the tongue histological section of the control group revealed a wide gap of the site of ulcer in the lingual mucosa, inflammatory exudate, and severe infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 3) without re-epithelialization (score 0). Lingual sections of MTK treated group after ulcer induction on day 3 showed the same lesions as the control group whereas after 7 days demonstrated improvement in inflammatory indicators as inflammatory exudate and infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 1), formation of granulation tissue composed of fibrous tissue and angiogenesis and Re-epithelialization (score 1) comparing with the control group. Conclusion:The present study found Montelukast's anti-inflammatory potential characteristics to treat generated lingual ulcers in rats.

Sensitive, selective and reproducible electrochemical sensors were developed for the electroanalysis of Etoposide (anticancer drug) based on L-lysine film, using the PLY-MWCNTS/GCE sensor. The PLY-MWCNTSs films on modified electrode exhibited very good conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied to examine the electrochemical behavior of PLY film and electrochemical response toward ETO. The PLY-MWCNTS/GCE sensor for detection of the ETO and also the experimental parameters such as film thickness, solution pH, time and accumulation potential were optimized. The obtained LOD of 1.6×10−11 M is the lowest LOD, compared to LODs reported in the literature [31] for detection of ETO, using electrochemical techniques. This method was successfully applied for direct determination of ETO, and tested for human blood sample with high specificity, and sensitivity.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that share with symptoms of hyperglycemia led to elevated free radical activity. Hyperglycemia is linked to a higher level of (ADA), which is one of the factors that cause oxidative stress by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS), that leads to insulin resistance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum total adenosine deaminase(TADA) and its isoenzyme (ADA1and ADA2) with the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes using a case-control study from Wasit-Iraq. In addition, we aimed to find if there is a link between oxidative stress with  TADA  and its isoenzyme. The One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of fasting plasma sugar (FPS), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), microalbumin in urine, HbA1c, and TADA, ADA1, ADA2 between the three studied groups (Control(C), diabetic patients(DM), and diabetic nephropathy patient(DN). The results of our study revealed that there was a highly significant increase in TADA and its isoenzyme activities of DM and DN  groups, as compared to the C group.

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