The top priority of any nation is to lead the nation towards prosperity, progress, and economic growth, confronting several challenges and concerns arisen from global situations. The sudden outbreak of any disease defies the health care systems and economy of nations. COVID-19 is one of the viral diseases which broke out in Wuhan city of China in 2019. COVID-19 outbreak intermittently prevailed all over the world. It exposes the fragility of the established health care systems across the world in spite of comprising modern science and technology. Unfortunately, there is no chemotherapeutic agent in the regimen of antiviral drugs or no vaccine available to curb this infectious disease. As a consequence, this deadly infection has prevailed all over the world. The antiviral drugs used for viral diseases excluding COVID-19 infection are Ramdesvir, Favipiravir, and Ribavarin, and antimalarial agents (Chloroquine & Hydroxychloroquine) are being administered to the patients for redemption of this infection. Fortunately, these existing drugs have been found clinically active and are being used. In this review, we present the current scenario and status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development for COVID-19, and its impact on the socio-economic structure.

The recurrent and recent global outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has turned into a global concern which has infected more than 42 million people all over the globe, and this number is increasing in hours. Unfortunately, no vaccine or specific treatment is available, which makes it more deadly. A vaccine-informatics approach has shown significant breakthrough in peptide-based epitope mapping and opens the new horizon in vaccine development. In this study, we have identified a total of 15 antigenic peptides [including thymus cells (T-cells) and bone marrow or bursa-derived cells] in the surface glycoprotein (SG) of SARS-CoV-2 which is nontoxic and nonallergenic in nature, nonallergenic, highly antigenic and non-mutated in other SARS-CoV-2 virus strains. The population coverage analysis has found that cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4 + ) T-cell peptides showed higher cumulative population coverage over cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8 + ) peptides in the 16 different geographical regions of the world. We identified 12 peptides ((LTDEMIAQY, WTAGAAAYY, WMESEFRVY, IRASANLAA, FGAISSVLN, VKQLSSNFG, FAMQMAYRF, FGAGAALQI, YGFQPTNGVGYQ, LPDPSKPSKR, QTQTNSPRRARS and VITPGTNTSN) that are \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}$80\hbox{--} 90\%$\end{document} identical with experimentally determined epitopes of SARS-CoV, and this will likely be beneficial for a quick progression of the vaccine design. Moreover, docking analysis suggested that the identified peptides are tightly bound in the groove of human leukocyte antigen molecules which can induce the T-cell response. Overall, this study allows us to determine potent peptide antigen targets in the SG on intuitive grounds, which opens up a new horizon in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) research. However, this study needs experimental validation by in vitro and in vivo .

The recurrent and recent global outbreak of SARS-COV-2 has turned into a global concern which has infected more than one million people all over the globe, and this number is increasing in hours. Unfortunate no vaccine or specific treatment is available, which make it more deadly.An immunoinformatics approach has shown significant breakthrough in peptide-based epitope mapping and opens the new horizon in vaccine development. In this study, we have identified a total of 15 antigenic peptides (including T and B Cells) in the surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 which found to be 100% conserved with other SARS coronaviruses. Furthermore, the population coverage analysis has found that CD4 + T-cell peptides showed higher cumulative population coverage over to CD8 + peptides in the 16 different geographical regions in the world. Notably, only 09 out of 15 peptides (LTDEMIAQY, IRASANLAA, FGAISSVLN, VKQLSSNFG, FAMQMAYRF, FGAGAALQ, VITPGTNTS, WTAGAAAYY and QTQTNSPRRARS) that have 8 0 % െ 9 0 % identity with experimentally identified epitopes of different organisms including SARS-CoV and this will likely be beneficial for a quick progression of the vaccine design. Moreover, docking analysis suggested that these peptides are tightly bound in the groove of HLA molecules which can induce the T-cell response. Overall this study allows us to determine potent peptide antigen targets in surface glycoprotein on intuitive grounds which open up a new horizon in COVID-19 research. However, this study needs experimental validation by in vitro and in vivo. low affinity)(16). We chose those peptides (epitopes) only which have binding affinity 4 0 0 ݊ ݉ for the further analysis. Next, we check the probability of selected peptides for naturally processed and tied with MHC molecule by using MHC-NP tool(20).

Binding effect and interaction of N,N′-dialkyl cystine based gemini surfactant (GS); 2(C12Cys) with human serum albumin (HSA) were systematically investigated by the techniques such as surface tension measurement, UV−visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular docking studies. The surface tension measurement exhibited that HSA shifted the critical micelle concentration of the 2(C12Cys) GS to the higher side that confirms the complex formation among 2(C12Cys) GS and HSA which was also verified by UV–visible, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy. Increase in the concentration of 2(C12Cys) GS increases the absorption of the HSA protein but has a reverse effect on the fluorescence intensity. The analysis of UV–visible study with the help of a static quenching method showed that the value acquired for the bimolecular quenching constant (kq) quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of the HSA protein. Synchronous fluorescence spectrometry declared that the induced-binding conformational changes in HSA and CD results explained the variations in the secondary arrangement of the protein in presence of 2(C12Cys) GS. The present study revealed that the interaction between 2(C12Cys) GS and HSA is important for the preparation and properties of medicines. Molecular docking study provides insight into the specific binding site of 2(C12Cys) GS into the sites of HSA.

Scrub typhus also known as bush typhus is a disease with symptoms similar to Chikungunya infection. It is caused by a gram-negative bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi which resides in its vertebrate host, Mites. The genome of Orientia tsutsugamushi str. Karp encodes for 1,563 proteins, of which 344 are characterized as hypothetical ones. In the present study, we tried to identify the probable functions of these 344 hypothetical proteins (HPs). All the characterized hypothetical proteins (HPs) belong to the various protein classes like enzymes, transporters, binding proteins, metabolic process and catalytic activity and kinase activity. These hypothetical proteins (HPs) were further analyzed for virulence factors with 62 proteins identified as the most virulent proteins among these hypothetical proteins (HPs). In addition, we studied the protein sequence similarity network for visualizing functional trends across protein superfamilies from the context of sequence similarity and it shows great potential for generating testable hypotheses about protein structure-function relationships. Furthermore, we calculated toplogical properties of the network and found them to obey network power law distributions showing a fractal nature. We also identifed two highly interconnected modules in the main network which contained five hub proteins (KJV55465, KJV56211, KJV57212, KJV57203 and KJV57216) having 1.0 clustering coefficient. The structural modeling (2D and 3D structure) of these five hub proteins was carried out and the catalytic site essential for its functioning was analyzed. The outcome of the present study may facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism of virulence, pathogenesis, adaptability to host and up-to-date annotations will make unknown genes easy to identify and target for experimentation. The information on the functional attributes and virulence characteristic of these hypothetical proteins (HPs) are envisaged to facilitate effective development of novel antibacterial drug targets of Orientia tsutsugamushi.