Objectives: To observe the relationship of nasal foreign bodies in terms of patient’s age as well as the type of foreign body and removal technique. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in ENT department, Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad from April 2017 to May 2018. A total of 120 patients selected by non-probability consecutive sampling technique with inclusion criteria of all children less than 12 years with foreign body in nose were recruited for this study after taking written informed consent. Patients who had concurrent nasal infections and trauma were excluded. Children age, gender, site, type of foreign body and removal technique were recorded. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 120 patients were presented with nasal foreign bodies, 107 cases were successfully dealt with in OPD while 13 patients were admitted for removal under general anaesthesia. The commonest affected age group was 2-5 years (78.33%) with more females (55.75%) than males (44.25%). Organic type of foreign body was 55.8% and inorganic type of foreign body was 44.2%. Seeds and small nuts (35%) were found to be the commonest types of nasal foreign body. The correlation between age groups, types of foreign body, removal technique and site of foreign body was significant (p value ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Nasal foreign bodies are commonly faced problem in children, specially in 2-5 years of age. They are largely harmless but complications can occur if neglected. Prevention remains the best option while for non-cooperative and attempted cases, removal under general anaesthesia is safe and preferred.

Background: Flexible laryngoscopy is less operator/patient dependent diagnostic procedure with magnified field and well tolerated diagnostic procedure. Flexible laryngoscopy is tolerable diagnostic procedure with clear and magnified visualization of interior larynx. Aim: To audit the flexible laryngoscope in outpatient department in our local setting. Methods: A retrospective audit survey was carried out in Outpatient ENT Department of Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad between June 2021 and May 2022. Total 85 patients with age range 10-80 years, with history of laryngopharyngeal symptoms and preoperative evaluation of thyroidectomy patients were selected. After getting detail history of flexible naso-pharyngo-laryngoscopy and findings were documented and analyzed. Under local anesthesia, spray in the nose and throat gargles. The laryngoscope passed through nose and nasopharynx into the laryngopharynx, and assessing all the structures. Data was analyzed through SPSS v 22. Results: The patients mean age was 28.96±9.14 years. Among all the patients 49(57.64%) were female and 36(42.3%) were male. The population highest percentage 26(30.5%) were 21-30 years old. The laryngeal complaint of hoarseness was highest with 38.8% indicated after flexible laryngoscope procedure according to other symptoms. According to diagnosis made on flexible laryngoscopy, the vocal nodules were highest with 15.3% detected. The diagnostic tools in diagnosis of laryngeal pathologies, its availability and cost effectiveness led to limited access of the patients to such sophisticated diagnostic procedure. Conclusion: Flexible laryngoscopy gives detailed visualization of the larynx and don’t leave the examiner inconclusive about laryngeal pathologies. Keywords: Clinical audit; Diagnostic equipment; Laryngoscopy; Nasopharyngeal diseases; Outpatient clinics, hospital.

Background: The discipline of otorhinolaryngology specialty is a very promising field all over the globe. This field is equipped with modified lifestyle as compared to general surgery field. However, otolaryngology is a flexible, promising and important field but still its trend is decreasing all over the world across the undergraduate’s professionals. Aim: To determine the frequency of otolaryngology specialty choice being taken by 4th year MBBS students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in otorhinolaryngology department of Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Islamabad from January to December 2020. The answers were obtained through the Likert scale-5 having the following components, as strongly agree, agree, not sure, disagree, strongly disagree. Results: A 100 undergraduate students participated in this survey. All students were of 4th year MBBS. 20% students were agreed and 40% not sure about the question regarding taking up otorhinolaryngology as a career choice and 15% strongly agreed for this. Conclusion: The study concluded that the graduates are not sure whether they want to choose otorhinolaryngology as their final career choice. We suggest that it should be one of the compulsory rotations during the internship. Keywords: Otorhinolaryngology; Specialty; Undergraduate medical education; Postgraduate; Career choice.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting for 12 weeks or longer. Aim: To explore the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and common allergens in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Methods: The study was conducted in Department of ENT at Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Islamabad from April 2021 to March 2022. On the basis of inclusion criterion, one hundred patients of CRS included in this study. All patients met the diagnostic criteria for CRS through, history, nasoendoscopic examination, and radiological findings. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed on the basis of skin prick test (SPT). All patients who were operated for CRS were excluded from the study. Results: Male and female ratio was almost equal with slight male predominance. The incidence of polypoidal CRS and non-polypoidal CRS was 52 (52%) and 48 (48%) respectively. Almost two third of polypoidal CRS patients suffered from severe disease based on Nasoendoscopic examination and radiological findings (CT-Scan). The commonest presenting symptoms were nasal discharge and nasal blockage effecting around 92% and 91% patients respectively. Skin prick test (SPT) showed 73% patients were suffering from allergic rhinitis with pet dander being the most common allergen. Conclusion: Chronic Rhinosinusitis is a common disease and majority of patients develop CRS secondary to allergic reaction. Early diagnosis of allergic rhinitis with identification of specific allergens and its management can help in prevention of CRS. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis (AR), Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), Sinunasal Polyposis, non-allergic rhinitis, Skin prick test (SPT)