The interfacing of soft and hard electronics is a key challenge for flexible hybrid electronics. Currently, a multisubstrate approach is employed, where soft and hard devices are fabricated or assembled on separate substrates, and bonded or interfaced using connectors; this hinders the flexibility of the device and is prone to interconnect issues. Here, a single substrate interfacing approach is reported, where soft devices, i.e., sensors, are directly printed on Kapton polyimide substrates that are widely used for fabricating flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs). Utilizing a process flow compatible with the FPCB assembly process, a wearable sensor patch is fabricated composed of inkjet‐printed gold electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes and a stencil‐printed nickel oxide thermistor. The ECG electrodes provide 1 mVp–p ECG signal at 4.7 cm electrode spacing and the thermistor is highly sensitive at normal body temperatures, and demonstrates temperature coefficient, α ≈ –5.84% K–1 and material constant, β ≈ 4330 K. This sensor platform can be extended to a more sophisticated multisensor platform where sensors fabricated using solution processable functional inks can be interfaced to hard electronics for health and performance monitoring, as well as internet of things applications.
The motion of filament-like structures in fluid media has been a topic of interest since long. In this regard, a well known slender body theory exists, wherein the fluid flow is assumed to be Stokesian while the filament is modeled as a Kirchhoff rod which can bend and twist but remains inextensible and unshearable. In this work, we relax the inextensibility and unshearability constraints on filaments, i.e., the filament is modeled as a special Cosserat rod. Starting with the boundary integral formulation of Stokes flow involving the filament’s surface velocity and fluid traction that acts on the filament surface, the method of matched asymptotic expansion is used to first obtain a leading-order representation of the boundary integral kernels in the filament’s aspect ratio. We then substitute Fourier series expansion (in filament’s circumferential coordinate) of both the filament’s surface velocity and fluid traction in the aforementioned leading-order representation and further linearize it in the rod’s shear strains to reduce the two-dimensional boundary integral over the filament surface into a line integral over the filament’s centerline. Upon further collecting the coefficients of sine and cosine terms, the zeroth-order Fourier mode yields a line integral equation relating the rod’s centerline velocity with the distributed fluid force that acts on the filament. The presence of line integral makes the relation non-local in nature. On the contrary, the first-order Fourier mode yields a simpler local relation between the rod’s angular velocity and the distributed fluid couple. The line integral equation is shown to reduce to the classical slender body theory when shear strains and axial strain are set to zero. The non-dimensional governing equations of the special Cosserat rod are also derived accounting for the distributed fluid force and distributed fluid couple in them which are solved to obtain the filament motion. The presented theory is demonstrated with an example problem of the tumbling of filaments in background shear flow. We show that for relatively shorter filaments where the effect of shear and axial stretch is more dominant, the obtained results deviate from the ones based on the classical slender body theory.
In the digital era, libraries have been acquiring and subscribing to various types of digital resources. Each e-resource possesses distinct formats and search requirements, offers multiple access and authentication methods, and involves complex licensing agreements. Therefore, effectively managing these diverse e-resources necessitates a system that simplifies the processes of acquisition, access, and organization. An Electronic Resource Management System (ERMS) presents a potential solution for centralizing these operations. Numerous open source and commercial ERMS solutions are available and utilized in libraries worldwide. Nevertheless, numerous studies have revealed that libraries face financial constraints as well as limitations in terms of ICT infrastructure. An ideal solution should be both cost-effective and require minimal ICT infrastructure. Koha is one such software that has gained popularity in library automation, making it a viable option for managing e-resources. This study explores the implementation of Koha, version 22.11, for managing a library's e-resources. The study aims to investigate the existing features and functionalities of Koha in the context of libraries.
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