Milk fat adulteration is a common issue in Central Asia. To assess the current situation in the commercial milk market, 17 milk samples were checked for fatty acid (FA) and sterol profiles to detect potential adulteration using multivariate analysis. Analysis of FA and sterols was performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection, respectively. Cluster analysis of FA profiles revealed 3 types of milk samples: (1) samples containing a higher proportion of short-chain FA, (2) samples containing a higher proportion of long-chain FA, and (3) samples with significant amounts of C18 FA. Analysis of sterols showed that samples included (1) milk fat containing 100% cholesterol, sometimes with traces of phytosterols, (2) milk fat with high proportions of β-sitosterol and campesterol, and (3) milk fat containing high proportions of brassicasterol. We found significant relationships between FA profiles and sterol profiles. The profiles were compared with vegetable oil patterns reported in the literature. More than 50% of the samples appeared to be counterfeited. We conclude that identification of adulteration in milk can be based solely on determination of sterol patterns.

The aims of the work compare similarly the yield and the composition. In this work determined the Camel milk composition (fat content, dry matter, density) and milk yield of Dromedaries, Bactrians and Hybrids in SouthKazakhstan condition in same farm, same time and repeated same animals. The milk sampled of 20 camel's milk, where 6 Bactrians (B), 5 dromedaries (D), 2 hybrids F1 Iner (I), 4 hybrids F1`Nar (N), and finally 3 hybrids F2 Kospak (K) with repeated 3 times (days). The milk of Bactrian camels contained significantly more DM and the same tendency was noted for the fat content. In the same time, the milk yield tended to be lower even if no signification threshold was reached. Contrarily, the milk of dromedaries was not so rich in absence of any significant difference to F1 and F2 hybrids except an increased density. F1 hybrids (Nar-maya and Inermaya) had a slight but not significant tendency of increased milk yield but a more or less reduced contents and density. This difference seems to be extenuated for F2 (Kospak) animals. The effect of calving year was illustrated by significantly lower milk yields in the second year of lactation (3.8 versus 2.8 L/d, P<0.05), slightly increased contents of fat (4.9 versus 4.2 g/L, P<0.10) and Dry matter (14.0 and 13.8 g/L, NS) and also density (1030.0 versus 1032.3 g/L).

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The present study aimed to determine the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and decontamination of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the body of two-humped camels Camelus bactrianus. The experiment has been carried out in Suzak region of South Kazakhstan. Four lactating two humped camels received 0.8 mg of indicator PCBs (1.3 μg/kg body weight) and DDT 0.12 (DDT 0.2 µg/Kg body weight) mg per camel/day during two months and followed by a 4-month decontamination period. Milk and hump fat of experimental camels have been sampled. Milk samples were analyzed using a liquid-liquid and hump fat using solid extraction by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method. Concentrations of PCBs and DDT in milk and hump reached a plateau at the end of the 2 months exposure period. Transfer rates into milk ranged between 2% for PCB 101 and 71 % for PCB 180 of the daily dose, which was generally lower than rates observed in ruminants. In the same time, the most important part of the contaminants has been stored in the humps. At the end of experimentation, the total quantity of PCBs excreted in milk was estimated to 28.6 µg and the total quantity accumulated during the contamination period in humps was 5530 µg. Despite a huge variability between the different congeners of iPCBs, the intermediate storage of lipophilic compounds in the humps reduced the concentrations excreted in milk but on the other hand would extent the duration of the decontamination period in comparison with ruminants.