No abstract

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are a prevalent cause of diarrhea in children all over the world. Adenoviral infections are responsible for 2% to 10% of diarrheic cases. A long-term investigation was required to gain better knowledge about the incidence of HAdV in Egypt. Herein, we conducted 5 years of detection, isolation, and genotyping of HAdV in fecal and sewage samples from 2016 to 2020, in Cairo, Egypt using molecular and cell culture assays. Human adenoviruses were identified in 35 of 447 fecal samples (7.8%), but only 53.3% (64/120) of the sewage samples. Children under the age of two had the highest positive rate for HAdV infection (77.1%). Species F of HAdV was the most common prevalent genotype in fecal and sewage samples, at 88.5% and 85.9%, respectively. The most prevalent genotypes detected in fecal samples were HAdV-41 (71.2%), HAdV-40 (17.2%), HAdV-6 (5.7%), and HAdV-1 (5.7%). In contrast, the most common genotypes in sewage samples were HAdV-41 (64%), HAdVs-40 (21.8%), HAdV-6 (7.8%), HAdV-1 (4.7%), and HAdV-2 (1.6%). HAdV was detected in all months of the year, with a peak period for clinical samples from December to February (p < 0.001), which matched Egypt’s rainy season, while the monthly distribution of HAdV in sewage samples remained consistent throughout the year, with no statistically significant peak period. Interestingly, the HAdV-type 41 genotype was the most common genotype during all of the years of this study. Throughout a 5-year period, our work revealed the infection rate, seasonal distribution, virus isolates, and genetic diversity of HAdV infections in environmental and clinical samples in Cairo, Egypt. Non-enteric adenovirus types (1, 2 and 6), as well as enteric adenovirus (41 and 40), may play a key role in gastroenteritis in Egypt.

The most prevalent cause of infectious neonatal diarrhea is Group A rotavirus (RVA). Unfortunately, there is a dearth of data on the incidence of rotavirus-associated infections among Egyptian children. The present study aimed to isolate, propagate, and genotype human rotaviruses circulating among Egyptian children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to two main university pediatric hospitals, Abo El-Reesh and El-Demerdash, over two consecutive winters, 2018–2020. Diarrheal samples (n = 230) were screened for Group A rotavirus RNA using RT-PCR assay. In positive samples (n = 34), multiplex semi-nested PCR was utilized to determine G and P genotypes. Thirty-four (14.8%) of the collected samples tested positive. The genotype distribution revealed that G1P[8] was the predominant rotavirus genotype throughout the current study. All rotavirus-positive fecal samples were passaged twice on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) and rhesus monkey kidney epithelial cell line (MA104). Both cell lines could successfully isolate 14.7% (n = 5 out of 34) of the identified strains; however, Caco-2 cell line was shown to be more efficient than MA104 in promoting the propagation of human rotaviruses identified in Egyptian children’s feces.

The limited therapeutic options associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) necessitate search for innovative strategies particularly, use of natural extracts such as lyophilized royal jelly (LRJ) and garlic extract (GE). Therefore, out study aimed to formulate emulgels containing different concentrations of both LRJ and GE and to evaluate their activities using a murine model infected with MRSA clinical isolate. Four plain emulgel formulas were prepared by mixing stearic acid/yellow soft paraffin-based O/W emulsion formulae based on Carbopol 940, Na alginate, Na carboxymethylcellulose or Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E4. Sodium alginate-based emulgel was selected for preparation of four medicated emulgel formulations combining LRJ and GE at four different concentrations. The selected medicated emulgels were used for the in vivo studies. The emulgel formulated with Na alginate and HPMC (MF3) exhibited optimum smooth homogeneous consistency, neutral pH, acceptable viscosity, spreadability, extrudability values and best storage stability properties. In vivo results revealed that, the wounds infected with MRSA isolate in rates were wet (oozing) and showed pus formation when compared to injured uninfected wounds. MF3 formula containing 4% LRJ and 50% GE showed the maximum wound healing properties, both in the apparent physical wound healing measurements and in the histopathological examination. In conclusion, the medicated emulgel formulation (MF3) prepared with Na alginate was found optimum for topical application. MF3 formula containing 4% LRJ and 50% GE has shown the highest in vivo wound healing capacities. Further clinical studies should be conducted to prove both its safety and efficacy and the potential use in human.