Background: Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) are betalactamase capable of conferring bacterial resistance to the first, second and third-generation Cephalosporin's but these are inhibited by lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. The ESBLs are typically plasmidmediated enzymes, mostly produced by E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia Enterobacteriaceae family. ESBLs enzymes were discovered in Germany in 1983 from Klebsiella pneumonia. ESBL-producing gram negative bacteria have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of infection throughout the several counties and region challenging infection control issues. Different phenotypic test for ESBL detection have been developed, which are easy to use and cost effective. Materials and Methods: In this study, 10 Urine samples were collected from Government Hospital, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu. Collected clinical samples were isolated and identified by standard microbiological method. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disc-diffusion method. The preliminary phenotypic detection of ESBLs was carried out by combination disc-diffusion test (CDDT) Performed using Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method on muller hinton agar. Results: Totally 10 clinical samples were collected and investigated Among 7 clinical samples of positive of Urinary tract infection (UTI), 20 micro-organisms belonging to 3 genus were isolated. Of the patients, 7 were female and 3 were male. E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were most prevalent species. E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were multidrug-resistant (resistance to five or more antibiotics) among the isolates. Of the isolated in Uro pathogens such as E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were ESBLs positive. Conclusion: Based on the results, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia predominated in the samples, giving the maximum frequency of ESBLs producing followed by E. coli (70%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (30%) from the combined disk diffusion method. Herbal medicine should be perform for UTI patients to prevent the spread of more. Only limited therapeutically options for ESBL-PE.

Background: Xylan, a major hemicellulosic polysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, represents up to 30-35% of the total dry weight of land plants. It is a heteropolysaccharide made up of a backbone of 1, 4-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl residues which can be substituted to varying degrees with glucopyranosyl, α-L-arabinofuranosyl, acetyl, feruloyl and/or p-coumaryl side chain groups. Hemicelluloses are used in various industries such as fuel, food, detergent, animal feed, agriculture, wine, beer, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The main objective of the study is to explore easy and cost effective method to produce the xylanase using sugar cane bagasse, wheat bran and rice bran as substrates, which is an agro waste. Materials and Methods: Xylanase producing bacteria were isolated from soil. Among the isolates, three strains show the maximum activity on xylan agar plates. Among the three strains, a strain was shows maximum enzyme activity, which was measured by Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) method. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and which was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Optimization of the fermentation medium for production of maximum xylanase was carried out via solid state fermentation (SSF). Results: The highest production of xylanase was obtained on 3% xylose as a carbon source, 3% malt extract as a nitrogen source and 3% sugarcane bagasse at 40°C, pH 9, 3.5% Inoculum level at 48 hr. Bacillus subtilis are capable to produce the xylanase. Conclusion:The isolated strain Bacillus subtilis shows the maximum level of xylanase production at pH 9.0 and 40°C temperature on 48 hr incubation on 3% xylose, 3% malt extract and 3% sugarcane bagasse as a substrate during solid state fermentation.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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