Thallium (Tl) may exceed regulatory limits in mining-influenced water (MIW) associated with processing cadmium, copper, gold, lead, and zinc ores. It is a toxic metal that is soluble over a wide pH range, resulting in both persistence in the environment and poor removal by conventional lime precipitation. This study evaluated the effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) at alkaline pH on Tl removal from MIW in batch experiments. The oxidation of Tl ? to Tl 3? by KMnO 4 and subsequent Tl removal was explored at Tl concentrations of B1 mg/L in synthetic and actual MIW. In addition to Tl, the synthetic MIW contained &5 mg/L of Mn, while the actual MIW contained [10 mg/L of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn and had a pH & 2.5. Dissolved Tl \2 lg/L in synthetic MIW was achieved at a pH & 9 (CaO addition) and C5 mg/L of KMnO 4 . In the actual MIW, dissolved Tl \2 lg/L was achieved at pH & 9 and C12 mg/L of KMnO 4 . The Tl removal mechanism is complicated due to the presence of reduced Mn in the synthetic MIW and multiple metals in the actual MIW. However, effective Tl removal was achieved by adding KMnO 4 to synthetic and actual MIW at alkaline pH.
In the reaction of boron‐containing materials with carbon dioxide, most of them oxidise quite rapidly to form boron oxide, which itself reacts to give a volatile boron compound. The major part of the work concerns boron carbide, and the effects of temperature, pressure and additions of water vapour and carbon monoxide have been considered. Other materials investigated are ZrB2, TiB2, CrB2, BN, BSi9 and elemental boron.
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