Background: According to William Osler, a great feature which distinguishes man from animals is the desire to take medicine. Self-medication is an age old practice. According to World Health Organization guidelines “self-medication is defined as use of medicinal products by the individuals to treat self-recognized disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continuous use of a medication prescribed by a physician for chronic or recurring diseases or symptoms.Methods: It was a cross sectional study, which was conducted among residents of urban and rural areas of Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh by using 40×5 cluster sampling. The data was collected by using pre designed, semi-structured questionnaire. Proforma included socio- demographic profile, practice of self- medication and pattern of self-medication.Results: Most of the participants who indulged in self-medication in urban areas 69.5% and rural areas 65% belong to the age group 20-39 years. Majority of the participants (51.0%) in urban areas belonged to the nuclear family while most of the participants (50%) belonged to joint family followed by nuclear family (40%) in rural areas. most common reason for self-medication in urban area was the availability of old prescription which is present in 30.0% (60) of subjects but in rural area most common reason for self-medication was high fee of doctor which was 29.0% (58).Conclusions: Most common age group indulged in self-medication was 20-39 years. Most common reason for self-medication was availability of old prescription at home while in rural area, high fees of doctor was the common reason for self-medication.

BACKGROUND Myopia is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors as well as gene-environment interactions. It has been recognized as a risk factor for development of glaucoma. Both Myopia and raised IOP are known to increase mechanical stress at optic nerve head leading to glaucomatous nerve damage. This study intends to evaluate the clinical profile of myopic subjects and its correlation with Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS A prospective observational study done from November 2019 to December 2020 after taking proper informed consent and ethical clearance. 164 eyes of 96 patients studied were divided into three groups, Group 1: low myopia (< -3.00D), Group 2: moderate myopia (-3.00 D to -5.75 D), Group 3: high myopia (≥ -6.00 D). A complete ocular examination was performed. Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometer. Visual field analysis using Humphrey automated perimetry was done in patients with suspected primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Angle parameters and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). RESULTS 164 eyes of 96 Myopic subjects were studied with no dropout during study period. Mean age was 46.05 yr. (range: 25-75 yr.). The refraction ranged from -0.50 DS to -17.00 DS. There was no statistically significant difference between Intraocular pressure (IOP), Central corneal thickness (CCT), corrected IOP and Nasal and Temporal Trabecular-iris Angle (TIA) between male and female of same age group. Mean IOP and mean CCT were found to vary significantly with age and with higher degree of myopia. Corrected IOP, Nasal and Temporal TIA increase significantly with higher degree of myopia. Cup-disc ratio (CDR) was found to be significantly higher in patients with moderate to high degree of Myopia. CONCLUSIONS Myopia is an important risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma, with its incidence increasing in patients with moderate to high myopia. KEYWORDS Myopia, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, Trabecular Iris Angle

BACKGROUND Diabetic macular oedema is a sight threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in developing diabetic macular oedema. There are many treatment options available for diabetic macular oedema such as laser therapy, intravitreal injectable medications like anti-VEGF and steroids. This study intends to compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection Ranibizumab (anti-VEGF) and Triamcinolone acetonide (steroid) in diabetic macular oedema. METHODS This is a prospective randomized study conducted among 42 patients ≥ 18 years of age with diabetic macular oedema presenting to outpatient department in a tertiary care centre in Gorakhpur, UP, conducted from November 2019 – December 2020. 42 participating patients were divided into 2 groups, A and B with 21 patients in each group. Group A treated with intravitreal injection Ranibizumab (0.05 ml ; 0.50 mg) and group B treated with intravitreal injection Triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg in 0.1 ml). All patients were followed-up at 2 week and 4 week after injection for best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, foveal and para-foveal thickness. Optical coherence tomography was performed for measuring foveal and para-foveal thickness. RESULTS The mean age group being 56.48 years in group A and 58.63 years in group B with 12 male and 9 female patients in group A and 10 male and 11 female patients in group B with no dropout during study period. Both injections were equally effective in reducing foveal and para-foveal thickness and improving best corrected visual acuity. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was stable in Ranibizumab treated group but Triamcinolone treated group showed raised IOP in few patients, required anti-glaucoma medications. CONCLUSIONS Both treatment types had good efficacy in reducing foveal and para-foveal thickness and thus improving best corrected visual acuity, but intravitreal Ranibizumab is safer and well tolerated along with good efficacy in patients with diabetic macular oedema. KEYWORDS Best Corrected Visual Acuity, Diabetic Macular Oedema, Foveal and Para-Foveal Thickness, Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide

Retinal vein occlusion is an important cause of vision loss. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia increase the risk for endothelial damage or abnormal blood flow and thus associated with retinal vein occlusion. To access the prevalence of retinal vein occlusion in diabetic patients and its association with systemic illness in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Gorakhpur.A descriptive, observational study was done on diabetic patients attending the eye OPD. Consent was taken and patient underwent direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography. Medical history regarding duration of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cerebro-vascular accidents were obtained.The study included 846 patients with type II diabetes mellitus. In this study 6.6% (n=56) patients detected with RVO in which 34(61%) were male and 22 (39%) were female. The mean age was 58 years.78.5% (n=44) of them had BRVO and 21% (n=12) had CRVO. The frequency of unilateral BRVO (n=34, 81%) was more common than bilateral BRVO (n=10, 71%). The frequency of unilateral CRVO was 19% (n=8) and bilateral CRVO was 28.5% (n=4). The duration of diabetes and uncontrolled diabetes affects the occurrence of RVO.Macula involving BRVO was found in 59% (n=26) of patients, suggesting that diabetic patients with RVO has greater risk of severe vision loss due to macular involvement in BRVO.Diabetic patients with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CVA were significantly associated with RVO (p&#60; 0.0001).Patients with type II diabetes mellitus carries risk for development of RVO.