BACKGROUND Myopia is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors as well as gene-environment interactions. It has been recognized as a risk factor for development of glaucoma. Both Myopia and raised IOP are known to increase mechanical stress at optic nerve head leading to glaucomatous nerve damage. This study intends to evaluate the clinical profile of myopic subjects and its correlation with Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS A prospective observational study done from November 2019 to December 2020 after taking proper informed consent and ethical clearance. 164 eyes of 96 patients studied were divided into three groups, Group 1: low myopia (< -3.00D), Group 2: moderate myopia (-3.00 D to -5.75 D), Group 3: high myopia (≥ -6.00 D). A complete ocular examination was performed. Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometer. Visual field analysis using Humphrey automated perimetry was done in patients with suspected primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Angle parameters and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). RESULTS 164 eyes of 96 Myopic subjects were studied with no dropout during study period. Mean age was 46.05 yr. (range: 25-75 yr.). The refraction ranged from -0.50 DS to -17.00 DS. There was no statistically significant difference between Intraocular pressure (IOP), Central corneal thickness (CCT), corrected IOP and Nasal and Temporal Trabecular-iris Angle (TIA) between male and female of same age group. Mean IOP and mean CCT were found to vary significantly with age and with higher degree of myopia. Corrected IOP, Nasal and Temporal TIA increase significantly with higher degree of myopia. Cup-disc ratio (CDR) was found to be significantly higher in patients with moderate to high degree of Myopia. CONCLUSIONS Myopia is an important risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma, with its incidence increasing in patients with moderate to high myopia. KEYWORDS Myopia, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, Trabecular Iris Angle

BACKGROUND Diabetic macular oedema is a sight threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in developing diabetic macular oedema. There are many treatment options available for diabetic macular oedema such as laser therapy, intravitreal injectable medications like anti-VEGF and steroids. This study intends to compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection Ranibizumab (anti-VEGF) and Triamcinolone acetonide (steroid) in diabetic macular oedema. METHODS This is a prospective randomized study conducted among 42 patients ≥ 18 years of age with diabetic macular oedema presenting to outpatient department in a tertiary care centre in Gorakhpur, UP, conducted from November 2019 – December 2020. 42 participating patients were divided into 2 groups, A and B with 21 patients in each group. Group A treated with intravitreal injection Ranibizumab (0.05 ml ; 0.50 mg) and group B treated with intravitreal injection Triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg in 0.1 ml). All patients were followed-up at 2 week and 4 week after injection for best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, foveal and para-foveal thickness. Optical coherence tomography was performed for measuring foveal and para-foveal thickness. RESULTS The mean age group being 56.48 years in group A and 58.63 years in group B with 12 male and 9 female patients in group A and 10 male and 11 female patients in group B with no dropout during study period. Both injections were equally effective in reducing foveal and para-foveal thickness and improving best corrected visual acuity. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was stable in Ranibizumab treated group but Triamcinolone treated group showed raised IOP in few patients, required anti-glaucoma medications. CONCLUSIONS Both treatment types had good efficacy in reducing foveal and para-foveal thickness and thus improving best corrected visual acuity, but intravitreal Ranibizumab is safer and well tolerated along with good efficacy in patients with diabetic macular oedema. KEYWORDS Best Corrected Visual Acuity, Diabetic Macular Oedema, Foveal and Para-Foveal Thickness, Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide

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We present a rare case of COVID-19 associated conjunctivitis where patient presented with redness, foreign body sensation, watering, and pain. Symptoms started while patient was COVID-19 positive. On examination, severe conjunctival congestion was present along with follicles. Visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes. The patient was started on topical antibiotics and showed improvement but again presented with aggravated symptoms. Conjunctival swab was sent for culture and sensitivity, which was negative for any organisms. The patient was then started on oral and topical steroid, which showed improvement. Even though COVID-19 associated conjunctivitis is self-limiting, here it showed a progressive course and resolved only after steroid.

BACKGROUND – Glaucoma is a chronic, lifelong disease and it requires lifelong therapy as well. Topical anti-glaucoma drugs are often associated with symptoms and sign of toxicity. OBJECTIVE – We aimed to study the incidence, symptoms and signs of ocular surface disease among patients on different anti-glaucoma drops and control group and to compare effects of mono and combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS – In this control study, 105 patients on anti-glaucoma drops for at least 3 months who presented to us were examined and compared to 102 patients of glaucoma not on anti-glaucoma drops. OBSERVATION/RESULT – Mean age was 56.2 years with male to female ratio 1.25:1. 83.09% of the patients had primary glaucoma with PNAG being the most common diagnosis. DOV, redness and pain being the most common presenting complaint in study group. In both groups on the application of different dry eye test, there was an increased incidence of abnormal OSDI, corneal assessment, TBUT and Schirmer’s test in study group. The difference in incidence of abnormal OSDI, corneal assessment, TBUT and Schirmer’s test was insignificant in mono therapy and combination therapy groups. CONCLUSION – there is higher incidence of ocular surface disease among patients on anti-glaucoma drops and the most commonly encountered problem is reduced tear film stability. Preservative free and combination drops, along with lubricant use, are found to reduce ocular surface toxicity.