Introductions: Preoperative diagnosis of orbital and ocular lesions is necessary for optimum treatment. The study aims to analyze the histomorphological spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions and to evaluate the need of ancillary techniques for confirmation of diagnosis. Methods: A cross sectional hospital based study of orbito-ocular surgical biopsy samples obtained in the Department of Pathology, at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal during one-year period was analysed for clinical and histopathological findings. Demographic data, site and tissue type, benign or malignant, recommendations for special stains and immunohistochemistry panel study were analysed. Results: Out of 185 total samples, male to female ratio of 1.1:1, age ranged from ten month to 82 years, 11-20 year age group had 39 (21.1%) orbito-ocular lesions and cornea-conjunctiva was involved in 104 (56.2%). Clinical diagnosis correlated well with histopathological diagnosis, p<0.001. The non-neoplastic, benign and malignant lesions were 36.7%, 33.5% and 29.7% respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 28 (50.9%) of malignant lesions followed by sebaceous carcinoma 7 (12.7%). The special stains and immunohistochemistry panel was recommended in 38 (20.5% and 21 (11.3%) cases respectively. Conclusions: Findings suggest the clinical and histopathological diagnosis correlated well in diagnosis of a wide spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions.

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IntroductionOvarian neoplastic and nontineoplastic lesions form a pelvic mass and cause gynaecological problems. Therefore, proper recognization and classification is important for appropriate therapy.ObjectiveTo study the morphological patiern and classify the neoplastic and nontineoplastic ovarian lesions in terms of age and size.MethodologyA retrospective study conducted at Sriram Diagnostic Clinic, Biratnagar, Nepal and Birat Medical College, Tankisinwari, Morang, Nepal during a period of March 2012 to February 2016. All abdominal hysterectomy specimens with bilateral or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and all ovarian surgeries presenting with either solid or cystic ovarian lesions were included in the study for histopathological analysis. Normal appearing ovaries on gross and microscopic examination were excluded from the study.ResultsA total of 522 cases were studied. Out of which 329 (63%) were non-neoplastic and 193 (37%) were neoplastic. Follicular cysts comprised of 112 (34%) cases, and it was the most common non neoplastic lesion. The age of patients with non-neoplastic lesions and neoplastic lesions varied from 16-54 years and 13-72 years respectively. Size of nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions varied from 2-12 cm and 2- 19 cm respectively. Among the 193 neoplastic ovarian lesions, 181 (94 %) were benign, as well as 4 (2%) were borderline and 8 (4 %) were malignant. Mature cystic teratoma was the commonest benign tumor followed by Serous cystadenoma. Serous cystadenocarcinoma was the commonest occurring malignant tumor followed by Mucinouscystadenocarcinoma.ConclusionVarying types of both non neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian lesion were seen. Among the non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesion, the most commonly encountered lesion was follicular cyst and mature cystic teratoma respectively.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 168-174

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the commonest gynaecological problems. Etiology of AUB may be structural and functional and varies according to age group. Histological pattern of endometrial sampling along with clinical and radiological findings remains the diagnostic standard for clinical diagnosis of endometrial pathology which ultimately helps in deciding the management of the patients. Objectives: To determine histopathological pattern of endometrial biopsies in patients with AUB attending Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. To determine the pattern of menstrual abnormality in patients with AUB in different age groups. Methodology: We conducted a prospective hospital based cross sectional study for a period of one year (1 April 2019 to March 31 2020). Histopathological findings of all endometrial biopsy samples in patients with AUB were examined. Patients were categorized into different age groups and the patterns of menstrual abnormality were also documented. Results: 166 patients presenting with AUB underwent endometrial biopsy. Most of them were of perimenopausal age group (42.77%). Menorrhagia was the most common presenting menstrual abnormality. Histopathological examination predominantly revealed normal cyclical endometrium. Hyperplasia was seen more frequently in patients > 40 years of age. Malignancy was diagnosed in 2.41%, all were adenocarcinoma and was seen in > 50 years age. Conclusion: AUB is a common gynaeco-pathological problem with varied clinical presentation and multiple causes. Functional endometrial changes account for the highest histological pattern. However hyperplasia and malignancy are important cause of AUB in perimenopausal and post menopausal age group's women.

Introduction: Anemia is one of the common medical conditions prevalent in our society. The correct categorization of varying types of anemia is essential for therapeutic purposes. Various laboratory tests are done to find out its underlying cause, but peripheral smear (PS) study of red blood cells (RBCs) morphology is important along with study of red blood cell indices in the classification of anemia. Objectives: This study was done to evaluate RBC morphology on peripheral smear examination in patients of anemia and to compare these findings with cell counter generated red blood cells indices comprising of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Methodology: Red blood cell morphology on peripheral blood smear was studied in 350 patients of anemia irrespective of age and gender received under six months duration  from 1st January 2019 to 30 th June 2019 and  findings  were compared with  cell counter generated  red cell parameters generated by automated  hematology analyzer. Results: Most common anemia seen on smear examination was microcytic hypochromic anemia which accounted for 210 (60%) cases followed by dimorphic anemia in 73 (20.86%) cases. Most of the patients were female, comprising of 227 (64.85%) cases. Highest numbers of patient were in the age group of 21-30 years (20.30%). Sensitivity of MCV was 78%, MCHC was 14% and MCH was 80% in detection of microcytic hypochromic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV and MCH was found to be 100 %  in detection of macrocytic anemia. Sensitivity of MCHC was only 10% for detection of macrocytic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV, MCHC and MCH was 78%, 100% and 67 % respectively in detection of normocytic normochromic anemia.  Conclusion: The peripheral smear examination should always be interpreted along with the red blood cell indices generated by an automated analyzer in order to classify various types of anemia.