Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the commonest gynaecological problems. Etiology of AUB may be structural and functional and varies according to age group. Histological pattern of endometrial sampling along with clinical and radiological findings remains the diagnostic standard for clinical diagnosis of endometrial pathology which ultimately helps in deciding the management of the patients. Objectives: To determine histopathological pattern of endometrial biopsies in patients with AUB attending Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. To determine the pattern of menstrual abnormality in patients with AUB in different age groups. Methodology: We conducted a prospective hospital based cross sectional study for a period of one year (1 April 2019 to March 31 2020). Histopathological findings of all endometrial biopsy samples in patients with AUB were examined. Patients were categorized into different age groups and the patterns of menstrual abnormality were also documented. Results: 166 patients presenting with AUB underwent endometrial biopsy. Most of them were of perimenopausal age group (42.77%). Menorrhagia was the most common presenting menstrual abnormality. Histopathological examination predominantly revealed normal cyclical endometrium. Hyperplasia was seen more frequently in patients > 40 years of age. Malignancy was diagnosed in 2.41%, all were adenocarcinoma and was seen in > 50 years age. Conclusion: AUB is a common gynaeco-pathological problem with varied clinical presentation and multiple causes. Functional endometrial changes account for the highest histological pattern. However hyperplasia and malignancy are important cause of AUB in perimenopausal and post menopausal age group's women.

Introduction: Anemia is one of the common medical conditions prevalent in our society. The correct categorization of varying types of anemia is essential for therapeutic purposes. Various laboratory tests are done to find out its underlying cause, but peripheral smear (PS) study of red blood cells (RBCs) morphology is important along with study of red blood cell indices in the classification of anemia. Objectives: This study was done to evaluate RBC morphology on peripheral smear examination in patients of anemia and to compare these findings with cell counter generated red blood cells indices comprising of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Methodology: Red blood cell morphology on peripheral blood smear was studied in 350 patients of anemia irrespective of age and gender received under six months duration  from 1st January 2019 to 30 th June 2019 and  findings  were compared with  cell counter generated  red cell parameters generated by automated  hematology analyzer. Results: Most common anemia seen on smear examination was microcytic hypochromic anemia which accounted for 210 (60%) cases followed by dimorphic anemia in 73 (20.86%) cases. Most of the patients were female, comprising of 227 (64.85%) cases. Highest numbers of patient were in the age group of 21-30 years (20.30%). Sensitivity of MCV was 78%, MCHC was 14% and MCH was 80% in detection of microcytic hypochromic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV and MCH was found to be 100 %  in detection of macrocytic anemia. Sensitivity of MCHC was only 10% for detection of macrocytic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV, MCHC and MCH was 78%, 100% and 67 % respectively in detection of normocytic normochromic anemia.  Conclusion: The peripheral smear examination should always be interpreted along with the red blood cell indices generated by an automated analyzer in order to classify various types of anemia.

Background: Blood transfusion unit collection, storage and dispatching on Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital began from 19 June 2016 via blood bank. After which, many blood distribution were made accessible via this service. This study analyzes the blood transfusion request and utilization pattern and also to monitor for managing the bloodstocks meeting present and future demand in hospital. Materials and Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional study conducted for all the requests of whole blood dispatched from 19th June, 2016 to 04th July, 2018. Whole blood requisitions from various departments were reviewed regarding the number of requisition, total blood unit replaced, blood group and socio-demographic profile of patients.Results: Of 648 transfusion units dispatched, 131 and 324 patients were male and female respectively, B positive blood group were most common, followed by A positive, O positive, AB positive, A negative, O negative and AB negative respectively. The largest numbers of requisitions were from Gynecology and Obstetric department in the hospital of 258 requisitions followed by internal medicine, surgery department, postoperative ward and orthopaedic department. Majority of the requisitions were for 20-29 years age group from the local district Morang. The total blood units replaced were 75, of which 29 and 46 of male and female respectively. Conclusions: B Positive was the predominant requested blood group with Gynecology and Obstetrics department making the most requests, among 20-29 years age group from Morang district. The total replaced blood units were less in number with some requisition forms even lacked essential details.

Introduction: Exfoliative cytological study of body fluids is easy, simple, rapid, cost effective and patient compliant investigation that helps in characterizing the disease into their varying subtypes. These presumptive and sometimes definitive diagnoses are in most cases the cornerstone which helps in staging and prognosis of the patient Objective: To determine the spectrum of malignant and non-malignant lesions in exfoliative cytology Methodology: This was a quantitative retrospective cross sectional study conducted at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from 24th December 2014 to 24th December 2018. All the exfoliative samples received at the lab were accepted in our study. Results: Of the 300 samples received, the maximum number were those of sputum followed by pleural fluid and ascitic fluid. Peritoneal fluid, Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, fluid from suspected abscess and breast fluid were also received. Malignancy was found in 1.67% of the samples studies. Conclusion: A study of different cytomorphological features of exfoliative cytology samples will help in establishing the role of cytology as an important diagnostic tool in improving the effectiveness of diagnosis , treatment & prognosis of the patient in the medical field.

Introduction: Primary malignant tumour of fallopian tube is very rare. The reported incidence of tumour varies from 0.1 to 1.8% of all gynaecological cancers. There is no specific clinical feature and therefore the disease is often misdiagnosed as ovarian neoplasm or other gynaecological tumours. A preoperative diagnosis even by radiological assay is many times difficult because the features are similar to ovarian neoplasm, tubo-ovarian abscess or hydrosalpinx. We report a case of 45 years old female who presented with multiple episodes of pervaginum bleeding since past one year and was diagnosed as primary fallopian tube carcinoma on histopathology examination.