The policy gaps could easily appear in national projects of developing regimes when they lack local policy evidence during the decision and implementation stages toward economic development. We have identified collaborative governance (CG) literature and models as a strategy to bridge the policy gaps during the development of commercial capacities in Pakistan. Although frameworks exist to investigate CG practice for a national endeavor, the emerging nature of CG in a developing regime requires a specific theoretical framework to test the local implications. Therefore, we attempted to establish a new theoretical framework for CG. We have assigned collaboration elements that are more compatible to find out grassroots policy evidence in relation to economic measures from relevant stakeholders. Commercial capacity development depends upon the successful execution of energy and infrastructure portfolios in the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The local Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) organizations gave their policy perspectives about the viability and gaps in the existing CPEC policies. The findings depict that collaboration structures are not advanced at all administrative levels in developing countries compared to the developed regimes. Marginalized representation is instrumental in conceptualizing the CG for developing contexts. It could also save the transactional cost and limitations of political and legal nature while exercising the CG in any national project of a developing regime, especially for long-run goals.

Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is the Gram-positive strain which is one of the major causes of laboratory acquired infections. Infections caused by staphylococcus strains are becoming more demanding to treat because many of the strains are resistant to the antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates of S. epidermidis which had been isolated from the microbiology laboratory of Lahore Garrison University, Lahore. Antibiotic Sensitivity against many antibiotics such as TPZ (tazobactum), ME (methicillin), CX (cefoxitin), P (penicillin), CTX (Cefotaxime), CEP (Cefepime) was determined for the identification of the most effective antibiotics against the infectious strains of S. epidermidis and zone of inhibition was measured. The results showed that out of 10 isolates, all the isolates were resistant against ME, while 9 of them were susceptible against TPZ. A remarkable difference was observed in the susceptibility pattern of S. epidermidis against TPZ rather than that of ME. Therefore, TPZ was the most effective antibiotic against the S. epidermidis infections which can be used to treat the infections. According to the present situation, the rampant use of antibiotics shouldbe prevented; otherwise it would become an uncontrollable problem to tackle these super bugs in near future.

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ABSTRACT:Most of the bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family are pathogenic and cause urinary tract infections, Pneumonia and diarrheal diseases. It was noticed that antimicrobials resistance of bacteria is increasing day by day that brought expanded healthcare costs due to morbidity and mortality from treatment failures. In the present study three of gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis of Enterobacteriaceae family were considered. Antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria was checked against clinical samples by Kirby Bauer test commonly known as disc diffusion method. Eleven commercially available antibiotics i.e. Fosmomycin (FOS), Imipenem (IMP), Tazobactum (TZP), Meropenem (MEM), Amikacin (AK), Tobramycin (TOB), Nnitrofurantoin (F), Doxycycline (DO), Norfloxacin (NOR), Gentamycin (CN), and Nalidixic Acid (NA) were used to check efficacy against selected microbes.Comparison of results produced by these bacteria showed variability in resistance pattern as FOS>IPM>MEM>AK>F>F>TZP>CN>TOB>DO>NOR>NA. Fosmomycin, Imipenem, Amikacin and Meropenem were found as most effective one among all selected antibiotics