Introduction: Probiotics are well-defined as live microorganisms that usefully affect the host and probiotic bacteria have been used intensely. For years to target gastrointestinal disease by rebalancing the compound microflora. Besides the gastrointestinal tract also the oral cavity is highly colonized by bacteria and many different bacterial species are part of the microbiota in the mouth, as it offers ideal conditions for bacteria with a stable temperature, moist surface with a relatively stable pH and regular supply of nutrients. Probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus are a promising treatment strategy for oral disease with a microbiological etiology. To gain better results, many researchers that study and emphasize specific methods been tried to build a new or improved methodology. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to improve the performance of exponential growth by adding bootstrap and fuzzy techniques (Integrated exponential regression method). The aim of the research work is to develop a comprehensive framework for an integrated exponential regression model. Material and Methods: The data were taken from the present data available from the recently done by a researcher for nurturing selected microorganisms. The gathered data will be used for the exponential modeling and the efficiency of the model will be compared accordingly due to the predicted interval from the exponential regression method and an integrated exponential regression method. This paper also provides the algorithm for the prediction of cell growth and inferences. Results: The result shows that the average width for the exponential regression model was 19.2228 while an integrated exponential regression method was 0.0075. The average width of integrated exponential regression was smaller than the exponential regression. This clearly shows that the integrated exponential regression method is more efficient than exponential regression technique. Conclusion: This proposed method can be applied to small sample size data, especially when limited data is obtained. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(3) 2020 p.552-557

Objective:The study aimed to translate the English version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index, assess its reliability and validity, and demonstrate its psychometric properties with regard to OHRQoL in the elder Pakistani population. Material and methods:In this cross-sectional study, 408 elder people were randomly recruited from three day-care centres. In the translation process, the translated Urdu version was reviewed by a committee of experts, followed by back-translation into English and re-reviewed by the same committee of experts. The questionnaire sought information about socio-demographic characteristics information and selfperception of oral, general health and treatment needs. OHRQoL was examined using GOHAI-U, and intraoral examination recorded the decayed, missing, and filled teeth.Reliability, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity of GOHAI-U were examined. Results:The mean GOHAI-U score was 40.2 (SD = 5.7, range = 20-55). The Cronbach's alpha for GOHAI score was 0.71, item-scale correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.76, and test-retest correlation ranged from 0.59 to 0.74. Three factors supported the theoretical construction in the component factor analysis of the index. For convergent validity, there was a significant relationship between the GOHAI score and self-perceived oral, general health and treatment needs (P < .05).For discriminant validity, a significant correlation was found between the GOHAI score and clinical measures of dental health status except with the carious teeth. Conclusion:The GOHAI-U has sufficient reliability and constructs validity to be used as an efficient measure of oral health-related quality of life in the Pakistani elder population.

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Background. Cancer is primarily caused by smoking, alcohol, betel quit, a series of genetic alterations, and epigenetic abnormalities in signaling pathways, which result in a variety of phenotypes that favor the development of OSCC. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, accounting for 80–90% of all oral malignant neoplasms. Oral cancer is relatively common, and it is frequently curable when detected and treated early enough. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is used to determine patient prognosis; however, geographical inaccuracies frequently occur, affecting management. Objective. To determine the additional relationship between factors discovered by searching for sociodemographic and metastasis factors, as well as treatment outcomes, which could help improve the prediction of the survival rate in cancer patients. Material and Methods. A total of 56 patients were recruited from the ambulatory clinic at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). In this retrospective study, advanced computational statistical modeling techniques were used to evaluate data descriptions of several variables such as treatment, age, and distant metastasis. The R-Studio software and syntax were used to implement and test the hazard ratio. The statistics for each sample were calculated using a combination model that included methods such as bootstrap and multiple linear regression (MLR). Results. The statistical strategy showed R demonstrates that regression modeling outperforms an R-squared. It demonstrated that when data is partitioned into a training and testing dataset, the hybrid model technique performs better at predicting the outcome. The variable validation was determined using the well-established bootstrap-integrated MLR technique. In this case, three variables are considered: age, treatment, and distant metastases. It is important to note that three things affect the hazard ratio: age ( β 1 : -0.006423; p < 2 e − 16 ), treatment ( β 2 : -0.355389; p < 2 e − 16 ), and distant metastasis ( β 3 : -0.355389; p < 2 e − 16 ). There is a 0.003469102 MSE for the linear model in this scenario. Conclusion. In this study, a hybrid approach combining bootstrapping and multiple linear regression will be developed and extensively tested. The R syntax for this methodology was designed to ensure that the researcher completely understood the illustration. In this case, a hybrid model demonstrates how this critical conclusion enables us to better understand the utility and relative contribution of the hybrid method to the outcome. The statistical technique used in this study, R, demonstrates that regression modeling outperforms R-squared values of 0.9014 and 0.00882 for the predicted mean squared error, respectively. The conclusion of the study establishes the superiority of the hybrid model technique used in the study.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find propotion of fractured orbital walls in the maxillofacial trauma cases and its associated maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic Oral Maxillofacial ward and operation theatre of Hospital USM in Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials and methods: From July 2013 to June 2018, records of patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures and presented them to the Accident and Emergency Department, Oral Maxillofacial Clinic, Hospital USM were reviewed, recorded, and analyzed. There are 294 patients whose data has been collected because they met the inclusion criteria. Each patient with a complete medical record was reviewed. Data were collected under the variables: Zygomatic Complex, Zygomatic Arch, Nasal, Maxillary Sinus, Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III, Orbital Wall, Alveolar Process, Symphysis of Mandible, Condyle of Mandible, Ramus of Mandible, Maxillary Bone and Mandibular Bone of maxillofacial fracture. The fractured orbital walls in these cases was reviewed. At the first stage, all the selected variables will be screened for their important clinical point of view. The SPSS software version 26.0 was used to determine all possible factors contributing to orbital wall fracture. Results: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the medical records of 294 patients with maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic and Oral Maxillofacial ward, Hospital USM. There were 228 (77.3%) men and 66 (22.4%) women included in this study. The most common age range is 11-20 years (39.8%), 21-30 years (26.2%). Maxillary Bone Fracture (0.371; p <0.05), Maxillary Sinus Fracture (0.180; p <0.05), Zygomatic Arch Fracture (0.127; p <0.05) were found to be the most affected site, which had a positive correlation with an orbital fracture of the maxillofacial trauma cases. A path analysis based on the Spearman correlation was developed by taking into account significant correlations at the level of 0.05. Conclusion: Using the matrix spearman correlation, multiple response analysis (MRA), path analysis, we discovered a clear connection between orbital wall fracture and several other factors. This discovery will aid in the understanding of the most common fracture and the causes of orbital wall fracture in maxillofacial trauma. The Zygomatic Arch Fracture, Maxillary Sinus Fracture, and Maxillary Bone Fracture were found to have a significant relationship with the orbital wall when the significance level was set at 0.05. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 744-750