Objective: To determine the high risk-human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) prevalence, genotype distribution, and associated risk factors in women with general gynaecological problems.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth dominant cause of cancer related death in women throughout the globe. Eighty percent of cases occur in the developing nations1,2. The extent of this cancer is tough to be evaluated in Pakistanbecause of differing insufficient epidemiological figures obtainable in small scale studies, dealing only reported limited number of cases which are not representative of its true burden3,4,5. As stated by World Health Organization, in 2002, the pervasiveness of cervical cancer in Pakistan was 9 in 100,000; in 2008 it jumped up to 19.5/100,000. Claimed by various studies, this cancer is among the list of first ten frequent cancers in Pakistan6,7,8,9. It is one of the most avoidable cancers nowadays and we have all the tools to eradicate it, still the number of lives lost due to cervical cancer is very high in Pakistan as it is an ignored ailment here in terms of screening, prevention and vaccination9. Economically developed countries who invested capitals for organized screening projects have made notable progress in reducing both occurrence and mortality due to this specific cancer10. The out of proportion load of cervical cancer in developing countries is largely attributable to scarcity of functional screening projects11. In our over 500 bedded teaching hospital with a well running gynecology outdoor, we do receive cervical biopsies positive for invasive malignancies but hardly receive any Pap smear tests in laboratory that prompted us to check for cervical cancer screening especially Pap smear test related awareness among our non-medical ladies.As the foundation of cervical cancer eradication is screening and prevention, each country and its regions must device an elimination plan that fits into its own culture and geographic landscape. Keywords: perception and understanding of existing screening tests, preventive measures, cervical cancer

Objective: This study is conducted to ascertain the microbial agents along with their prevalence leading to urinary tract infections in patients admitted in Bakhtawar Amin Hospital, Multan with manifestations of urinary tract infections. Design: Descriptive observational study Place and duration of study: Department of Microbiology Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College & Hospital, Multan from January 2021 to July 2021. Material and Methods: A total of 220 positive urine cultures were analyzed in this study extended for six months. All the appropriate details like age, gender, major presenting complaints, history of catheterization etc were noted. All the isolated urinary pathogens were recorded along with their frequency and percentages. Results: Out of these 220 patients with positive urine cultures, majority (63.6%) were male. Gram negative bacteria (E. Coli) constitute the major bulk of urinary pathogens followed by Candida. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were commonly seen in men in our region. E. Coli was the most frequently encountered bacteria. A large number of Candida species were segregated in immunocompromised critically ill ICU admitted patients. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, culture, pathogens, E.Coli, Candida.

Objectives: The purpose of this scrutiny was to note the part played by folic acid and vitamin B 12 inadequacies resulting in macrocytic anemia in pediatric community visiting our institute. Study Design: Retrospective cross sectional study Place and duration: Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, The Children Hospital, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore from Jan 2021 to Dec 2021. Methodology: Medical data of 294 children demonstrating features of megaloblastic anemia were scrutinized. Records related to complete blood count (CBC) specially hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH, MCHC, peripheral blood findings, serum folic acid and vitamin B 12 amounts were noted from registers along with the other relevant medical presenting, past and family socioeconomic history. Results: Out of total 294 cases with CBC and peripheral blood findings of macrocytic anemia, 160 were males and 134 found to be females. Mean age was 57 months (4.75 years). Vitamin B12 insufficiency alone was noted in 162 (55.1%) cases, folic acid alone appeared to be deficient in only 8 cases where as combined paucity of both was noticed in 30 cases. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency found to be the predominant cause of macrocytic anemia in children referred to our institution with 65.3 % of total case population. Considering its significance in the regulation of nervous system, awareness programs with proper guidance are essential to deal this manageable issue. Key words: Megaloblastic anemia, macrocytosis, cobalamin, Vitamin B 12 deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Anemia, Lahore Pakistan