Background: Children's health is very important for their better learning and timely nourishment everywhere in the world. Malnutrition among school going children has remained a big challenge in under developed countries. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 children of four Government Primary schools of Qasimabad, district Hyderabad after taking the proper consent and administration approval from the head of school. Multi stage simple random sampling technique was adopted. Study was approved from Institutional review board of Health Services Academy Islamabad. Results: Out of total, 217 (51.4%) were boys and 205 (48.6%) were girls. Mean Height of boys and girls were 128.09 cm (±SD 12.90) and 130.36 cm (±SD 12.50) respectively. Mean Weight of boys was 25.27 Kgs (±SD 6.17) while in girls mean Weight was 26.83 Kgs (±SD 7.03). 17.57 cm (±SD 2.34) was mean MUAC for all participants and mean BMI was 15.42 (±SD 2.02). Prevalent of stunting and wasting were 24.4% and 18.3% respectively. While in 13.7% thinness (BMI for age) was seen. Stunting was statistically significant in girls 9-10 year (p value=.015, CI: .118-.823, OR=.311) and 11-≥12 years (p value=.018, CI: .215-.874, OR=.434). Pallor was more in girls (17%) and Dental caries were higher in boys (20.8%). Insufficient breakfast was done by 347 (82.2%), whereas 75 (17.8%) were doing sufficient breakfast. 341 (80.8%) students became ill during last year, out of that 80 (19%) were having history of hospitalization. Conclusion: Poor polices and lack of food aid interventions regarding health of primary school going children was assessed during this study.

Background: Globally around 60 million people are suffering from Computer vision syndrome (CVS). A well-known eye and vision-related problem resulting from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. Viewing a digital screen often increases the visual load therefore the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of CVS among students. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September 2018 to 31st May 2019 on a sample of 320 students from diverse physiotherapy institutes of Karachi. Participants of both genders between the age of 18-24 years were included in the study. Data regarding demographics, CVS assessment, associated symptoms, intensity of symptoms and daily vision routine was recorded. CVS was assessed using a standardized CVS questionnaire (CVS-Q) and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 320 physiotherapy students with a mean age of 21.04+0.8 years were enrolled in the study, majority of them were females 245(76.6%). Out of these, 186 students were diagnosed with CVS as they scored ≥6 on Segui and Colleagues CVS questionnaire with headache being the most prevalent symptom (63.1%) followed by itching (52.8%), increased sensitivity to light (43.6%), eye pain (42.6%) and feeling of foreign body (39.5%). Among the activities involved in daily vision routine, optical use and sitting posture were significantly associated with CVS. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study results that CVS is highly prevalent among physiotherapy students, one of the reasons for this might be the increased digital screens usage for academic purpose and clinical decision making.

Background: Addiction is the behavior of a human in which they depend fully on the substance. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2015, over 1.1 billion people smoked tobacco whereas; over 2.14 billion people used social networks. The objective of this study is to assess that is there any similarity between the addiction level of smoking and social network usage. Methodology: This is a Cross-sectional study in which 80 participants were selected on a convenience based sampling of age 18-25 which were divided into group A (social media users) and group B (smokers). Inclusion criteria for Group A were Social network user since 5 years with user I.Ds on more than 2 social network sites and check notifications every minute however group B includes smokers who were smoking since last 5 years (1 packet per day) with no known co-morbid. All participants were asked to fill the questionnaire constructed on the basis of the Bergen Addiction Scale (BAS). Blood pressure measurement and time required to complete the cognitive task was also recorded. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Result: Results showed 30% mild addictors, 30% moderate addictors and 40% severe addictors in group A while 40%, 22.5% and 37.5% in group B, respectively. According to mean withdrawal effects on cognitive skills, 97.6% participants in group A were able to complete task within assigned time before cessation and after cessation only 57% participants were able to do so, while in group B 94% were able to complete task before cessation and only 72% of participants were able to do so after cessation. Lastly, the mean BP reading checked in group A before cessation was 114.54/82.34mmHg and after cessation, it increased to 122.47/90.34mmHg whereas in group B, before cessation the mean BP reading was 118.32/84.88mmHg and after cessation it was 121.42/88.63mmHg. Conclusion: It is concluded that the addiction status of social media users and smokers is almost similar. This leads to the outcome that social network abuse is as harmful as smoking on focus, concentration, cognitive skills and increment of anxiety and BP.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is one of the common complaints in women. Globally, the reported prevalence rate is 90%. Sometimes the pain intensity is so severe that it may depict labour contractions. Hence, it greatly affects the productivity of women and causes socioeconomic lose. To subside such pain, over the counter medications are widely used, regardless of its systemic side effects. This study was conducted to estimate the extent to which women are affected with dysmenorrhea and to compare the effectiveness of Taping and Hydrotherapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Methodology: A survey-based quasi experimental single blinded, two-stage study with pre-test and post-test design was conducted. Fifty menstruating women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea of grade 2 or 3 between the age group of 15 to 25 years were recruited and divided into two groups with 25 females in each group. Females with any severe co-morbidity, abdominal surgery within past 2 years, intrauterine contraceptive devices, any skin lesions (scar, cyst or erosions) or who have recently conceived were excluded from the study sample. Females in taping group received treatment 2 days prior to menstruation which then continued till the first day of cycle. The hydrotherapy group was treated with 30 minutes session for 2 days a week, during non-menstruating phase. Data was collected using a Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) and Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System (VMSS) to estimate the frequency of dysmenorrhea, specifically primary dysmenorrhea in our society. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was completed before and after the intervention. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0. Results: The survey revealed 92.4% of women were suffering from dysmenorrhea out of which 64% were primary dysmenorrheic. A significant decline was observed in Pain Rating Index (PRI) before and after intervention i.e. the mean PRI prior to the intervention was 29.53±2.53 for the taping group and 29.4±3.18 for the hydrotherapy group while after intervention it decreased up to 4.33±0.61 in taping and 4.26±0.7 in hydrotherapy group. Whereas, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) means before intervention were 8.53±1.06 and 8.73±1.03 for taping and hydrotherapy group respectively. Which then decreased to 3.93±1.03 and 5.2±1.52 for the two groups. The mean Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scores were 4.33±0.61 in taping and 4.26±0.7 in hydrotherapy group and reduced to 1.66±0.81 and 2.26±1.57. Conclusion:The study findings proclaimed that taping technique was found more effective in decreasing the painful cramps in women with primary dysmenorrhea as compared to the hydrotherapy.

Background: In today's society, a huge population is facing intellectual health problems. Therapeutic expense of such problems leads people into a financial burden. Inspite of squandering cash on pharmaceutical prescription, it is better to take benefit from laughter therapy. It is a part of human behavior, which helps human clarify their intentions in social interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of laughter on cognition. Methodology: This uncontrolled experimental study was conducted on 80 participants, recruited on convenience bases. All 18-30 years aged subjects with no chronic psychological disorder were included. While patients with a chronic psychological disorder were excluded from the study sample. Participants were divided into 3 groups: 26 participants in Group A, 33 participants in Group B and 21participants in Group C. Cognition skills were assessed by using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score before and after laughter therapy session of about 25 mins. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: All the groups showed improvement in MoCA score after laughter therapy. Group A MoCA score after therapy was 22.70. Group B MoCA score after therapy was 25.10. Group C MoCA score after therapy was 25.42.By mean analysis, we figured out that there is a greater change of cognition seen in members of Group C than in Group B and change in Group B is greater than in Group A. Conclusion: It was concluded that laughter improves cognition and regulates neurotransmitters. Moreover, it has great influence in daily life and puts a great impact on memory and cognitive skills.