According to [1], motivation is one of the main determinants of second language (L2) or foreign language performance. Research in the field of attitudes and motivation has increasingly investigated the nature and role of motivation in L2 learning process, and many are inspired by Canadian psychologists, Robert Gardner and Wallace Lambert [1]. However, in Malaysia, there has been only a meagre number of researches that investigate teachers' perceptions on attitudes and motivation of students from religious school background. It is of great significance to explore the attitudes and motivation of these groups of students because the students appeared to be weak in the English language and they also held negative perceptions toward the language [2, 3]. The present study is needed to attain authentic information about possible connections between teachers' personal experiences, their perspectives and their practices regarding teaching and learning of students from the aforementioned background. This qualitative research study contains in-depth teacher interviews that document their personal perceptions, ways of dealing with students in the specified setting, and their suggestions on improving the attitudes and motivation of learning English for students from religious school background. Findings are presented according to the research questions intended for the study and several conclusions were drawn from the data.

In the ever-changing 21st-century landscape characterised by emerging global and technical trends, the search for relevant leaders in school systems relies on the premises of building a conducive, adaptive and inclusive learning environment. Thus, this article aims to examine the mediating effect of transformational leadership attributes of school leaders on their cultural intelligence and the organisational health of secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur. Using a quantitative design, a survey questionnaire was administered to 476 school leaders in Kuala Lumpur. The results from the survey were analysed using PLS-SEM technique with SmartPLS software, which established the direct effects of cultural intelligence on transformational leadership and organisational health. In addition, transformational leadership was determined to have a direct effect on organisational health. The evaluation of the structural model revealed that transformational leadership has a mediating effect on cultural intelligence of school leaders and organisational health of secondary schools. Aside from advancing the theoretical understanding of school leadership, the results of this article present reflection points for current and aspiring school leaders, opportunities for inclusion of cultural understanding in school leadership programs, and provisions in policies in organisational development in multicultural schools.

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Professional learning communities (PLCs) have continuously been instrumental in fostering a culture of collaboration and in developing capable teachers towards achieving improved students' learning outcomes. Though PLCs remain to be a promising initiative, sustaining such program in the long run requires effective leadership practices. This qualitative study aims to explore the practices employed by elementary school leaders in the United States in the full implementation of their PLC programs. Interview sessions were conducted with four principals and four teacher leaders from four elementary schools. The responses from the interviews were triangulated with observations of PLC meetings. Using Atlas.ti, the data collected from the interviews and observations were thematically analysed. Based on the findings, the school leaders employed the following practices in the initial phase of the PLC: set and share mission and vision; provide opportunities for staff development; encourage collaboration; work towards cultural building; and promote self-reflection. For the support phase, the school leaders share leadership responsibilities, de-privatised practice, and ensure supportive conditions while they sustain positive school culture and climate and use control process mechanisms in the sustain phase of the PLC implementation. Subsequently, the practices and perspectives shared by the school leaders could serve as a guide in long-term, sustainable implementation of PLC programs.

Financial provision in education is one of the key factors contributing to the successful implementation of education programs in school. Financial management includes efficient management of school financial resources. However, the lack of financial resources affects students' achievement. Schools often encounter problems in providing the facilities needed by students. Schools receive financial resources in terms of per capita grants, public contributions and other government assisted funds such as scholarships and food supplements. The purpose of this study is to determine the adequacy of financial resources assigned to the National Type Tamil schools which are based on enrolment. This study was conducted in 30 National Type Government Tamil Schools and 16 National Type Government Assisted Tamil Schools in the State of Perak, Malaysia. A total of 276 respondents were involved in this survey. A logistic regression test was used to analyse factors contributing to the adequacy of financial provision for subjects, library, guidance and counselling and recurring expenditures. The findings indicate that policy makers should consider other factors such as socio-economic status and the type of schools in determining school funding allocation. Thus, the funding formula should not just be based on student enrolment.