Objective: In this study, we aim to analyze the effect of this ethanol extract on the average number of goblet cells per crypt, number of inflammatory foci and number of angiogenesis in the rectal tissues of mice colitis-model that induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: This study was carried out by experimental in vivo using Balb/c mice. The mice were divided into five groups of treatment: normal, negative control (AOM/DSS), positive control (AOM/DSS+aspirin), EMD25 (AOM/DSS+25% ethanol extract) and EMD12.5 (AOM/DSS+12.5% ethanol extract). The mice were euthanized and their rectal tissues were placed on glass slides for histopathological observation using haematoxylin–eosin staining. Results: The administration of the ethanol extract of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves cannot inhibit the decrease in the average number of goblet cells per crypt (p=0.450) and cannot reduce the number of inflammation foci (p=0.146) and the number of angiogenesis (p=0.728). The ethanol extract of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves could not inhibit the inflammation induced by AOM/DSS in the rectal tissues of mice. However, the extract has a tendency to maintain the average number of goblet cells per crypt. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa leaves can inhibit inflammation in mice's rectal tissue.

Homicide by hanging is a rare incident and, in contrast to suicidal hanging cases, only limited number of homicidal hanging cases have been reported. This comprehensive review is conducted to summarize the published forensic pathology evidence in homicide by hanging. A systematic search in five journal databases resulted in 12 case reports. All articles passed the selection criteria and were appraised using JBI critical appraisal worksheet for case reports. Fourteen victims were reported which in most of the cases psychosocial background were reported. Household conflict was the common background. Reef knot was the majority knot being used. The autopsy findings vary in the studies, some of which reported intact larynx, thyroid, and hyoid cartilage. Only one case mentioned thyroid cartilage fracture. In addition to the ligature mark, other violence findings include bruises, abrasions, stab wounds, and sexual violence. Toxicological analysis was limited, only 3 case reports reported alcohol in the victim’s serum. There are no distinguishing features in the external or internal neck injuries attributable to homicidal hanging. A thorough autopsy and holistic approach should be considered. They are including demographic characteristics, location of the victim, social and psychiatric history, ligature’s characteristic, signs of violence and toxicological analysis.

Asthma is chronic inflammatory disease experienced mostly by children with prevalence of 4.5% in Indonesia. Asthma puts burden on sufferers because of the long duration of treatment. However, prolonged inhaled corticosteroids use in certain doses can cause side effects. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is metabolite of curcumin and has higher bioavailability than its precursor molecules. THC has been shown to significantly reduce leukocyte infiltration, as well as inhibit inflammation through IL-4Rα pathway and decrease GATA3 expression. The same effect is obtained from Cyanidine-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g). The anti-inflammatory effect of those combination can be used as alternative phytochemical therapy to treat asthma in children.

Objective: To demonstrates the ability of P. macrocarpa leaf extract to reduce inflammation of the distal colon in DSS/AOM-induced mice. Methods: In vivo experimental research using Balb/c mice induced by 0.2 ml azoxymethane (AOM) 0.1% once and 1% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for one week; additionally, ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves, 25 mg and 50 mg, and 0.84 mg acetosal were given orally. The mice were sacrificed after 20 w. Histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin staining) was conducted by counting the average number of goblet cells per crypt, inflammatory focus and angiogenesis. Results: Ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves was able to prevent the decrease in the number of goblet cells (p<0.05). However, the administration of ethanol P. macrocarpa leaf extract could not reduce focal inflammation and angiogenesis in inflammation of the distal colon. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of the Mahkota Dewa leaves is able to prevent inflammation of the distal colon by preventing the decrease in the number of goblet cells.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment option for resectable liver cancer. However, the low curative resection ratio, high metastatic ratio, and risk of recurrence make this treatment less than ideal. Additionally, the choice of liver transplantation is limited by the availability of donors. This literature review aimed to discuss the combination strategy of photothermal therapy and nanohybrid-based chemotherapy delivery, which are expected to address the challenges in HCC treatment. Methods: We conducted literature searches in Pubmed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar using combined keywords such as “hepatocellular carcinoma”, “polyethylene glycol”, “doxorubicin”, “mesoporous silica”, “CuS”, “nanoparticle”, and “photothermal therapy”. Based on the assessment of validity and applicability aspects using modified Oxford CEBM (Center for Evidence-Based Management) and OHAT (Office of Health Assessment and Translation) checklist tools for preclinical studies, all the selected studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Results: Photothermal therapy promotes necrosis and apoptosis of HCC cells by ‘heating’ the cancer cells. Meanwhile, the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin, modified with mesoporous silica nanohybrids and encapsulated copper sulfate polyethylene glycol (PEG-DOX-MSN-CuS), enhances the efficiency and duration of drug circulation in the blood, reduces drug clearance, and minimizes retention by the reticuloendothelial system. By utilizing near-infrared light induction from photothermal therapy, doxorubicin can be slowly released, leading to significantly improved effectiveness. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this this combination strategy achieves over 90% HCC cell death at a chemotherapy concentration of 80 µg/mL, in conjunction with near-infrared light induction. The optimal release time for doxorubicin was recored at a concise 20 minutes. Conclusions: Given the numerous benefits associated with this combination of strategies, photothermal therapy using PEG-DOX-MSN-CuS holds significant expected to be a promising treatment for HCC.