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Background: Fractures in children can be caused by a long term disability and decreasing quality of life in every people that involved. Factors that affect fractures incidences must be identified so that we can create prevention management. This study aims to evaluate the fractures pattern of children in orthopaedic and traumatology in dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Central General Hospital Makassar.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children under 19 years old by collecting a medical record of patients. The prevalence and patterns of fractures were reviewed for details, such sex, range of age, causes, place of injury, single or multiple fractures, types or location of single fracture, and treatment of fractures. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17 for Windows.Results: There were 152 children in the study, and 72.3% were boys. Most common occur at the 12-18 years age group (92.8%), most of them were caused by traffic accidents (73.6%). Consequently, the location in which fractures were most prevalent was the street (76.9%). Most of them were presented as a single fracture (72.3%) dominated by closed fracture (63.6%), while distal radius/ulna (12.7%) was the most common fracture sites in this study and most patients have undergone surgery for their treatment (84.8%).Conclusion: Most of the patients were boys and caused by traffic accidents. A single and close fracture were the most common types of fracture.

Introduction: The risk factors most strongly associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are old age and obesity. However, few studies have evaluated the interaction between aging and obesity in conjunction with inflammatory markers and knee OA severity as part of a complete assessment of knee OA management. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the interaction between obesity, age, inflammation [including the I/D polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1)], and the severity of knee OA. Methods: A total of 80 knee OA patients were included in this cross-sectional study. The severity of knee OA was determined based on the Kellgren–Lawrence system. All patients underwent physical and radiological examination; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) markers were measured. The parameters of the ACE-1 gene were examined with sequencing DNA. Results: There was a significant relationship between age and severity of knee OA (P=0.007), with subjects aged greater than or equal to 65 having a 3.56-fold higher risk of developing moderate to severe OA than subjects aged less than 65. There was a significant difference between body weight and knee OA severity (P=0.026), in which subjects weighing greater than or equal to 60 kg had 3.14 times the risk of experiencing severe knee OA. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age was the strongest independent variable for knee OA severity compared with body weight. MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in mild knee OA than in moderate to severe knee OA. The DD genotype of the ACE-1 gene increases the risk of severe knee OA by four times in subjects aged greater than or equal to 65 compared to subjects aged less than 65. However, the DD genotype of the ACE-1 gene does not increase the risk of severe knee OA in subjects weighing greater than or equal to 60 kg. Conclusion: While obesity and age were found to be associated with the severity of knee OA, age emerged as the independent risk factor for knee OA severity. Furthermore, MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in cases of mild knee OA compared to severe knee OA. It was observed that the DD genotype of the ACE-1 gene increases the risk of severe knee OA in individuals aged 65 years or older.

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