No abstract

The phototoxicity of Betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate has been investigated on irradiation in the wavelength range of 300-400 nm, using some basic in vitro phototoxicity tests. Both esters cause photohemolysis of mouse red blood cells and photoperoxidation of linoleic acid. The photoproducts of both esters have also been found to be phototoxic. The toxicity of these photoproducts increases with further irradiation; however, they exhibit toxicity, even in the dark. The efficient inhibition of photohemolysis by the well-known free radical scavengers, such as butylhydroxyanisole and reduced glutathione, and minor inhibition by singlet-oxygen quenchers, such as sodium azide, suggests that cellular damage is mainly mediated by free radicals whereas singlet oxygen plays a minor role.

The aim of this research is to investigate role of Microfinance in Poverty alleviation. Primary data was used in this research and was collected through personally administered questionnaires from 150 respondents. Results showed that most of the respondents were in favor of the Khud Kafalat scheme because it helped them in increasing their living standards and standard of education of their children due to establishing small scale businesses or expanding existing businesses. Moreover, Khud Kafalat Scheme has a very important role in Poverty alleviation and increased their gross monthly income. Furthermore, their satisfaction can also be depicted from the fact that although they observed no change in their employees’ condition but on individual level, most of them, were still in favor of applying again for the loan, if needed, in the future.

: Phytochemical studies on the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Alstoniascholaris lead to the isolation of two new triterpenoid of the lanostanetype,lanosta 5ene,24-ethyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), lanosta,5ene,24-ethyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosideester(2)and new ursane type triterpenoidmethylester, 12-ursene-2,3,18,19-tetrol,28 acetate (nighascholarene)(3),together with seven known triterpenes, betuline,triterpeneof the lupane type, alstoprenyol(4), 3β-hydroxy-28-β-acetoxy-5-olea triterpene (5),α-amyrin acetate (6), α-amyrin (7), lupeol acetate (8), 3β-hydroxy-24-nor-urs-4,12,28-triene triterpene (9) and ursolic acid (l0). The triterpenoid structures of these colorless compounds were deduced from the 1H and 13C-NMR data, and in particular from the application of two-dimensional 1H, 13C correlation experiments as well as by comparison with reported literature data.This study deals with isolation and structural elucidation ofnaturalnewtriterpenoidestersandglycosides with anti-inflammatory activity.