The study was aimed at assessment of heavy metals in street vended raw and branded milk to identify possible gateways of milk toxicity. 15 samples of processed and 24 of raw milk were collected from Multan city. Atomic absorption spectrometry revealed milk offered for sale in the region to be potentially contaminated with higher levels of some most critical elements i.e. Pb (0.048 – 0.418mgL^-1), Cd (0.0015 - 0.125 mgL^-1), Ni (0.044 - 0.294 mgL^-1), and Cu (0.0037 - 0.273 mgL^-1). Exceptionally higher levels of Cd (0.102 mgL^-1) were recovered in street vended raw milk as compared to processed branded milk (0.042 mgL^-1). The study signified deleterious outcomes of industrial and agricultural revolution parallel to poor phyto-sanitory and sanitary measures during animal feeding and milking. The study suggest comprehensive and nationwide survey to identify the metal polluted red zones, their toxicity levels and milk intoxicating channels either from environment, animal feed or water.

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Authors' ContributionsMorphological characteristics of turkey Meleagris gallopavo semen were recorded and hatchability percentages of the artificially inseminated hens were assessed. To study the effect of natural mating on hatchability 15 (3♂, 12♀) M. gallopavo were randomly selected, were kept separately and were allowed to mate through stud mating. For artificial insemination, male (n = 3) and female (n = 12) birds were kept separately. Semen of the male birds was collected on weekly basis to record morphological characteristics and to inseminate the female birds. Mean abnormal spermatozoa rate was 14.61±1.61% with most common acrosome defects 39.67±3.80 % followed by defects in mid-piece 29.61±0.24%, head defects 10.15±1.21% and tail defects 20.57±1.97%. Laid eggs were collected, stored and were incubated for hatching. Hatchability percentage in artificially inseminated hens was greater 88.30% than natural mating 80.51%. S uccess of poultry industry depends on hatchability of the eggs. Therefore, the eggs laid by the hens should be fertilized. Fertilization of eggs is greatly dependent on the quality of semen and its successful injection into the female genital tract. Semen morphology, spermatozoa motility and live-dead ratio are the characteristics that reflect semen quality and this is known as potential fertility (Etches, 1996). Ramamurthy et al. (1998) documented positively significant correlation between body weight and seminal volume, pH, and abnormal spermatozoa rate, whereas a negative correlation exits between body weight and motility, spermatozoon concentration and live spermatozoon rate in poultry. To determine fertility it is important to know the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa in a semen sample. Motility and size of spermatozoa

against Cnaphalorosis medinalis. Four synthetic insecticides were applied with three replicates at recommended dose rates. Toxicity trials were performed under RCBD. The results of the toxicity experiments disclosed the lowest mean leaf reduction damage (6.84%) after 14 days of 2nd spray by application of Flubendamide followed by Emmamectin Benzoate (15.03%). The damage was reduced 17.21-17.00% in case of Fibronil and 17.19-16.12% by Lambda cyhalothrin but was superior to untreated plots. The results of 1st spray revealed that the lowest mean leaf damage (12.24%) was noted in case of Flubendamide application among the tested insecticides. In case of yield analysis, the highest percent grain filling (92.34%) was examined in Belt insecticide trailed by Timer (87.12%), whereas the lowest (70.46%) was noted in case of control. Increase in yield (%) disclosed that the highest increase in yield (21.54%) was recorded in application of Belt insecticide, while relatively the lowest (10.23%) was observed in Boxer insecticide. Overall, the results depicted that the longest exposure period proved more effective as relative high reduction in leaf damage, and Flubendamide was the most effective among the all tested insecticides. Hence, this insecticide can be used in Intergrated Pest Management Program (IPM) for the successful management of C. medinalis. Keywords: Oryza sativa, insect pests, IPM, pest scouting, toxicity bioassays, efficacy.