Refah devleti Keynesyen politikaların uygulanması ile Dünya üzerinde yayılmış ve 1945 sonrasında belli bölgelerde sınıf çatışmasında azalma ile beraber, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda önemli ilerlemeler olmuştur. Altın çağ olarak da nitelendirilen bu dönem, özellikle Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa'da kendini göstermiş ve bazı ülkeler tarafından model olarak alınmaya çalışılmıştır. İskandinav ülkeleri olarak nitelenen İsveç, Norveç, Danimarka ve Finlandiya ise kendilerine özgü politikalar oluşturarak refah devleti politikalarını benimsemişlerdir. Bunların içinde tarım ve ormancılık ekonomisi ile hayatta kalan ve fakir bir ülke olan Finlandiya'nın hem refah devleti uygulamalarını 30-40 yıl öncesinden kısa zamanda hayata geçirmesi hem de refah toplumunda örnek bir ülke olması dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Birçok refah devleti, 1970'li yıllardan sonraki neo-liberal politikalara geçiş sürecinde rekabet etme bahanesiyle refah devleti uygulamalarından taviz verirken, Finlandiya hem refah politikalarını uygulamaya devam etmiş, hem de yapılan düzenlemelerle bilgi toplumuna geçişte başarılı olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, bilgi toplumunun refah toplumunun ihtiyaçlarını karşılayıp karşılayamayacağına dair olan soru işaretlerine cevap bulmaya çalışırken, Finlandiya örneği incelenecektir.
Aging, a common problem in almost all countries, both developed and developing, is expressed in terms of a decrease in global birth and death rates or, from a different perspective, an increase in mean life expectancy. Demographic aging, which may be regarded as both a threat and an opportunity, affects a very broad sphere, including basic health, the economy, social security, the saving-consumption balance, living arrangements, urbanization, and the family structure, and therefore brings different disciplines together. Looked at in greater detail, it is a subject that requires reflection and planning since it affects such areas as change in a country’s population structure, economic growth, labor markets, labor supply and productivity, development policies, public borrowing, health and social security policies, education policies, and urbanization policies. The fact that demographic aging is a common problem of both developed and developing countries raises the question of active and healthy aging policies. These policies are thought to play an important role in measures created or potentially created by aging. Discovery of the importance of individual capital accumulation and wide social capital has prepared the dissemination of active-healthy aging policies out of the idea that investment in individuals’ health, education, and participation opportunities will benefit both the individual and the community. The emergence of the ‘Age-Friendly Cities’ movement initiated by the World Health Organization is one concrete outcome of these policies. The first section of this study will discuss the concept of demographic aging and its relationship with active-healthy aging. The economic and social effects of demographic aging will then be discussed. Another section of the study will discuss the concept of age-friendly cities, their relationship with active aging, and their role against the impacts of demographic aging.
Today, unemployment in young people, which has become a global problem, is a matter of social policy that cannot be resolved in Turkey like it is the case in most countries. Among the reasons of the failure in resolving the unemployment in young people in Turkey, it is possible to name the inability to create new employment opportunities for the younger population, the lack of skills between young people's education and the open vacancies in the market, and employers' reluctancy to employ inexperienced young people for fear of increasing labor costs. In this context, to eliminate the causes of unemployment in young people in Turkey, to reduce the unemployment rates in young people, and to ensure that young people participate more in employment, the National Employment Strategy, which was proposed as an offer in 2012, and was enacted in 2014, has been revealed with serious goals. This study will examine the objectives of the National Employment Strategy for 2015, which aimed to resolve the unemployment problem in young people; it will focus on the targets that were achieved or not achieved; and analyze the current situation.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, yerleşik kültürün en önemli yaşamsal birimlerinden olan kentlilik bilincinin kazandırılmasında kent yöneticilerinin rolünü irdelemektir. Farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşayabileceği ve ortak paylaşımlarda bulunabileceği bu mekânlar insanlığın kat ettiği mesafenin de ölçüsüdür. Bu minvalde kent yöneticilerinin küreselleşme-yerelleşme ekseninde kentsel mekânda meydana gelen oluşumları yakından incelemeleri önem arz etmektedir. Kentsel yaşam kalitesinin yükseltilmesinde yerel idarelere önemli görevler düşmektedir. Yerel idarelere bu görevleri yerine getirirken kentteki sivil organizasyonlarla iş birliği yapmaktadırlar. Kentlilik bilincinin arttırılması bu işbirliğinin etkin olarak hayata geçmesi ile doğru orantılıdır. Bu çalışma bu konunun nasıl olması gerektiği konusunda ipuçları vermektedir.
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